Elements in Road not taken Essay Example For Students

Components in Road not taken Essay Robert Frosts Poetic Techniques Uniquely Used in The Road Not TakenRobert Frost uses a few idyllic strategies to uncover the subject in his sonnet, The Road Not Taken, which is focusing on the significance the dynamic of one is, whether or not or not it is concurrence with the goals of their companions, and how it can influence their future. The methods practiced in this bit of work are imagery, symbolism, and tone. Imagery is the most effectively utilized method because of the reality a decent number of lines situated in this sonnet is utilized to connote a specific article or thought identified with our life or todays world. Symbolism is noteworthy in drawing out the subject for the explanation that it permits the peruser to build a portrayal in their psyche, allowing them to relate more to the sonnet and decipher the topic their own specific manner. In this sonnet, symbolism allows the peruser to envision the scene that this sonnet happens in bringing about an improved comprehension of the topic. The tone this work presents is an unreliable demeanor which permits the subject to be brought out because of the reality the topic identifies with a predicament in ones life. As observed by the peruser, these methods unequivocally help in the noteworthy of this particular subject. The primary strategy Frost uses to reveal the topic is the most grounded technique, symbolism.Exploiting imagery is utilized by containing objects in the sonnet that speak to an article of something significant in the perusers life; consequently, aiding the introduction of the topic. The essentially represented article in this sonnet is the intersection, which is the premise of the topic. Two streets wandered in a yellow wood,/And sorry I was unable to travel both/And be one voyager, long I stood/And looked down one to the extent I could/To where it twisted in the undergrowth (Frost. 1-5). Emblematically, Robert Frost works superbly of changing an apparently normal street to one vital, speaking to a choice that could lead one out of two separate headings. The goals the voyager happens upon may perhaps influence their life; along these lines, focusing on the significance of dynamic. The accompanying emblematic component is the nature of the courses the explorer experiences. The previous way is worn out

Modern Technology Essay

At the point when we think back to the historical backdrop of person in late 200 years, we will be astounding what an immense change present day innovation has brought us. Prepares and planes empower us to venture out to wherever we need. Web and TVs convey news to everybody. New advancements give us another way of life, and I express that they are making a solitary world culture. Current innovation has abbreviated the separation among societies, and made the world littler. Individuals can travel or relocate starting with one spot then onto the next rapidly. They perceive how individuals in different zones dress, talk and act. The more introduction to different conventions and customs they do, the more probable they receive to those. Thus, their own conventions and customs are supplanted by an enormous one. Another purpose behind the effect of present day innovation on making a comparative world is that it causes workable for societies to speak with one another. When sitting in front of the TV programs, looking through web and talking through the Internet, individuals find out about outside societies and attempt to make a portion of those their own. The trading of information has greatly affected their lives. The cafã © from Brazil, the scotch from Scotland, the stogies from Cuba, the wine from France, the American music, that show up and turn out to be notable in numerous pieces of the world are genuine instances of how present day innovation impacts people’s life and furthermore makes a solitary world culture. With the fast advancement of current innovation, individuals learn and come to acknowledge outside societies. They perceive the estimation of assortment. In this way, sooner rather than later, there will be numerous likenesses in country’s societies. Conventional societies around the globe might be all the more ready to join our require a solitary world one.

Health Law and Ehtics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wellbeing Law and Ehtics - Assignment Example To encourage and inspect morals in nursing and the wellbeing business everywhere, this paper will succinctly will talk about the profound starting points of social insurance moral sound conduct. It likewise tries to investigate a portion of the moral issues in human services among them, refusal to mind, value, independence, non-male-ficence and equity (Lo, 2013). Moral dynamic is urgent in the social insurance industry with regards to tending to issues, clashes and vulnerabilities concerning restricting qualities, for example, individual, authoritative, proficient and public qualities. The capacity to impact choices on understanding consideration to a great extent relies upon the moral rules gave. To maintain a strategic distance from moral situations, there ought to be unmistakably spelt strategies and rules planned for supporting moral dynamic (Krueger and Stein, 2010). There are various huge difficulties confronting medicinal services associations among them rising open desires, developing monetary weights, wellbeing of patients, issues of value improvement, mergers and unions, human services change among others. These elements have set medicinal services firms under much pressure and weight. They have likewise escalated moral concerns and clashes. These difficulties call for moral dynamic by the gatherings in question (Curtin, 2011). Morals is a critical field to an organization’s strategic well as towards accomplishing the primary objective. Social insurance officials and chiefs ought to exhibit the centrality of moral measures in their own activities just as searching for methods for coordinating moral practices inside an authoritative culture. A medicinal services association ought to make a moral situation by (Krueger and Stein, 2010): The capacity of an association to understand its maximum capacity inside the commercial center will generally rely upon information, inspiration, abilities just as moral qualities and

What the Pros Are Not Saying About Lgbt Essay Topics and What This Means For You

What the Pros Are Not Saying About Lgbt Essay Topics and What This Means For You Begin a list of questions which you'd love to have answered. They don't know how to make certain that their points are persuasive enough. Refuse to understand that, actually. How to Choose Lgbt Essay Topics To come across argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you will need to comprehend about the argumentative essay. You have to have skills to compose a fantastic essay. If you're in a college and wish to compose an argumentative essay, you should select a subject of high importance. The essay that range from spongebob. Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. How to begin my colleg essay. How to compose an argue essay. Different essay types need various questions. Consequently, they are confronted with an alternative that is rarely a positive one. How to compose an important approach essay. Writing prompts are among the best strategies to create confident writers who take pleasure in the practice. Test essay questions will be contingent on the topic, needless to say. Reading example essays works the exact same way! Writing an essay utilizing software reviews. There are a few great topics to think about when deciding on a topic for your argumentative essay. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's essential to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the specific area of study. Another good idea is to receive some completely free essay examples of different kinds and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a thriving debatable paper looks. You always intuitively understand once an intriguing essay idea is really the ideal idea for you. New Questions About Lgbt Essay Topics Judging someone due to their sexual orientation is the same from judging someone due to their color and all of us know that's wrong. Possessing a unique sexual preference than that which is deemed ordinary can be a really tricky point to admit, even to yourself. LGBT issues are extremely sensitive ones. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on various views and demonstrate understanding o f the studied subject. But if my readers obtain half of the valuable information I have obtained, I understand that I've accomplished my task. The reader needs to be impressed by how you defend your ideas. The Lgbt Essay Topics Cover Up Homosexuals are simply ordinary individuals who happen to love the identical sex. Homosexuality has been a subject of much concern for debaters all around the world. Thus, it is a very natural thing and it should not be restricted as it is in many places and homosexual marriages should be allowed. The alternatives they face may incorporate depression, substance abuse, violence, and sometimes even suicide. Among the social groups that experience various problems as an immediate outcome of their identity is the homosexual community. In the duration of the twentieth century, society started to talk about the subject of homosexuality after the contemporary gay rights movement began in 1969. This significant change and increased acceptance is due to the evolution of LGBT equality. Nevertheless, it seems that most the discrimination against LGBT youths emanates from the schools they attend. Hate crimes against LGBT individuals continue to be shockingly prevalent across the nation. Discrimination's been around for centuries and even though there have been a number of improvements in how society deals with discrimination, we still have an extremely long thing to do. LGBT discrimination is a significant concern once it concerns the pursuing of equality.

The Progressive Era - 1825 Words

The Progressive Era cannot be characterized by one single event or person, but it certainly experienced multiple events and people who swam with high velocity in the sea of reformation. People such as Jane Addams, Teddy Roosevelt, and W.E.B DuBois led the progressive movement with their outspoken ideas and impact on the era. Events and works such as The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, Muller vs Oregon, and the Clayton Antitrust Act stand out as important and pivotal to the era. Between 1900 and 1920, many successful attempts at progressive legislature were led to enact overall moral and social reform throughout the United States, as evident in the growth of democracy, regulation of business, as well as the growth of women’s and worker’s rights. While many successful outcomes are believed to have come about during this era, the clear outlier is that of the livelihood of the African Americans, and how the government turned its back on an entire race for the better part of the 2 0th century. In the 20th century, factory jobs were one of the most sought after by immigrants and members of the American lower class. These jobs were often in unsafe conditions, with long working hours, and very poor paying salaries. In 1906, Upton Sinclair released a narrative entitled The Jungle, a description of immigrant working conditions in the meat packing and production industry. It was intended to reach out to the average American and inform them of the conditions in which immigrants lived andShow MoreRelatedProgressives And The Progressive Era1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe progressive Era was times in History were local state and federal government took a leap forward in power and activism. In addition, the progressive era, was a time of development of new reforms and changes for America. Progressivism handles a wide range of problems and struggle for America. Such problems were created by unstructed industrialization, urbanization and immigration. As well as, the unfavo rable distribution of power and wealth. Progressives believed strongly that problems such asRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Era1949 Words   |  8 Pagesshaped the United States throughout all of history. The most important of these changes, however, occurred during America’s progressive era. The Progressive era is defined as the time period of 1890 to 1920. Even though, progressive presidents were not in office during that entire time period, the ideals that they enacted and developed throughout the United States. The Progressive Era saw the expansion and contraction of political and economic freedoms through pure democracy. Socially, the new consumerRead MoreThe Progressive Era 938 Words   |  4 PagesThe Progressive Era was a time period between the years 1900-1920 and it marked a time in American history in which society was bursting with enthusiasm to improve life in the industrial age by making political and social changes through government action that ultimatel y led to a higher quality of life for American citizens. Progressives were known for their beliefs in limiting the power of big business, strengthening the power of the states, and were advocators against corruption and social injusticeRead MoreThe Progressive Era845 Words   |  4 Pages1--Discuss, in detail, the main overall goals of the Progressives. The Progressive Era was mainly a retaliation to numerous changes and social effects that were happening in America. The era emerged in the 1800’s from complications with the latest industrial order, which included workers who protested about how their jobs were unsafe and exhausting. They also focused on byproducts such as immigration, urban growth, growing corporate power, and widening class divisions. They were also known as humanitariansRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Revolutionary Era1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthe reformist movement? Why? The root of the Progressive Era comes from the emergence of industrialism in the United States had created some terrible problems and they wanted to work together to change the U.S government. Therefore, address the problems that had come about from the Industrial Revolution. The progressive era was all about making advances in a better society, the feature of democracy during the progressive movement a lot of these progressive at local state levels started to focus on cleaningRead MoreThe Importance Of The Progressive Era1310 Words   |  6 Pages The Progressive era was a time in America’s history when people started to call for the government’s help to face the problems industrialization brought. This era was extremely important because it helped the people achieve better conditions and helped the government to make better use of its powers. One of the most potent groups of progressivists were muckrakers; they used journalism to bring forward problems and injustices in society and the work industry (McKeown). The Triangle Shirtwaist FireRead MoreThe Progressive Movement Of The American Progressive Era1259 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to the American Progressive Era there is really no other movement like it. This was a movement that had not just one but many faces that ranged from people as big as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson to people like Jane Addams that accomplished so much. It was a movement so broad that it encompassed basically everyone and spoke not just to but for all those excluded from power. It also wasn’t just one big movement but a conglomeration of them varying from social, to economic, toRead More The Progressive Era Essay798 Words   |  4 Pagesall power rested with the politicians and businessmen. Reformers known as Progressives attempted to undo the problems caused by industrialization. The Progressive movement sought to end the influence of large corporations, provide more rights and benefits to wor kers, and end the control possessed by party leaders. At the national level, Progressivism centered on defeating the power of large businesses. The Progressive Era was a period in American history in which improving working conditions, exposingRead More The Progressive Era Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages The Progressive Era nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progressivism in the United States took place in the period between the Spanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War. It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time for reform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, the Rough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. These reforms included the cracking down on illegal monopoliesRead MoreThe During The Progressive Era989 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Progressive Era, various groups responded to the political, social, and economic woes that resulted from the rapid industrialization and urbanization of America during the 19th Century. The mass immigration of foreigners and the northern migration of Africa-Americans led to urban overcrowding and competition for wage-paying jobs. Electric lighting allowed factories to expand the working hours and increase the output of manufactured goods. There was little regulation for employee welfare

Is Gender Bias For College Aid - 1105 Words

Original Thoughts We started our research expecting to find that there was gender bias in college aid. For example we thought that men would get more sports scholarships than women and women would get more STEM scholarships than men This, we thought, was because the colleges were trying to draw in genders to certain fields. We thought that males would get more scholarships because colleges want more male athletes and that women would get more STEM scholarships because they want to draw more women into the STEM fields. Gender Bias? Contrary to our original ideas, our research showed us there was not a bias in the areas we thought. In fact, our research revealed to us that there was not actually any true gender bias in financial aid and†¦show more content†¦Within the study, the higher proportion of aid fluctuated between genders, but the difference was almost insignificant. This does not show that there are any true biases within athletic aid. STEM Scholarship Programs Another one of the main areas we expected to find gender biases was the STEM Scholarship programs. The STEM program is a very successful program which was designed to provide resources and opportunities to underrepresented groups. In order to research this, we looked into a specific scholarship program geared toward the STEM program at Wright State University. The Wright Science Technology and Engineering Preparatory Program is an academic pre-engineering program at Wright State University. This program provides resources and financial incentives to encourage students to pursue degrees in the STEM field. Wright STEPP Students By Gender This graph shows the distribution of students involved in the program based on gender. As you can see, the undergraduates that are part of the program are dominantly females, while the graduate students are much more balanced, but there are slightly more males. STEM Scholarship Programs We recently interviewed Barb Gunnison who works as the Special Programs Coordinator in the Learning Resource Center here at Behrend. She was a big part of the STEM Scholarship Program that we used to have here. The program started because they wanted to â€Å"give a home to minorities in STEM fields†. It consisted of a oneShow MoreRelatedCorrelation Between Niu Student s Application Rate886 Words   |  4 Pagesto do so, therefore eliminating most of the bias lying could have on my results. I also included in my questionnaire gender, age, and parental contribution to their educational costs. When I decided on this topic I came to the hypothesis that most students I interviews would not have applied for scholarships, which would then leave them with some form of student debt. According to Debt.org â€Å"two-thirds of the nation’s full-time students pay for college with scholarships or grants† which means my surveyRead MoreData Suicide Case Study1671 Words   |  7 Pagesin older patients, for the middle age clients it would be a slope bias. This is just one reason why sub groups should not be presented before test administration. If the test overpredicts then it is unreliability because the inaccuracy serves as a threat to the reliability and validity of the researc h. 2. Assuming we did use the same regression line for all three groups, which group would be most likely to raise claims of test bias? Unfairness? Assuming that the same regression line was used for allRead MoreGender Bias in the Workplace: Its Origin, Cases and Solutions 1767 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Bias in the Workplace: Its Origin, Cases and Solutions Gender bias has long been an issue in the workplace. For decades women have suffered not only a pay gap but also an authority gap. In my paper I will outline how gender bias has taken shape within the workplace and its components. It is key that we not only study the components of the gender gap but also examine how they took root. One would think that gender bias would have subsided considerably but this is not the case. Over the decadesRead MoreThe Development And Maintenance Of Civilization Essay1763 Words   |  8 Pagesall other characteristics: the creation and usage of social constructs. A social construct is defined as a social mechanism, phenomenon, or category created and developed by society, which aids in either the development or regression of society as a whole. While more commonly known constructs such as race and gender shape the mindsets of societies and civilizations as a whole over periods of time, the consequences of the existence of the construct itself can have both a positive or negative affect.Read More Interview With Men In Non-Traditional Roles Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pages Men In Non-Traditional Roles nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This paper takes a look into the lives of three males breaking out of their gender stereotyped roles in society. These males avoid the boundaries traditional thinking has tried to impose on them and embark on their own as what they like to call quot;pioneers in the mens equality movement.quot; Introduction: The Mennbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;First off, this paper will introduce the three quot;pioneersquot;;Read More Equality for Women Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pages How would you like to earn about an extra million dollars? Is this hard to do? Then answer is no, all you have to do is be born male and graduate college. Throughout history women have strived for equality. The informal slogan of the Decade of Women became â€Å"Women do two-thirds of the worlds work, receive 10 percent of the worlds income and own 1 percent of the means of production† (Robbins, 354). Throughout the world the disparity of rights for women is immense. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreCurrent Issues Facing The American Education System Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesThere was once a time when white males were only allowed to attend colleges and universities. After the civil war, women and those of different ethnicities were thrown into the college scene. However, even today there continues to be the ongoing debate on how it is best to enroll, educate, and graduate these students that were once denied higher education. Because of this debate, American universities still need to provide accommodations to these groups of students. Those previously denied theRead MoreTitle Ix Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesthe progress we have made (Hasday 97). Despite the bias opinions on Title IX, it has made a positive addendum to womens lives. Since the addition of Title IX in the past 30 years, it has shown that more women statistically play collegiate and high school sports. The excerpt Title IX is a Winner; Keep Giving it the Ball, sho ws that Title IX has increased the number of girls in high school sports by ninefold in 30 years and quintupled in college (Title IX 1). According to U.S. General AccountingRead MoreWhat Makes A Leader? Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagestheir achievements and provide a more nurturing role in the workplace, even when it is inappropriate. If a woman becomes a mother, it triggers powerful negative competence and commitment assumptions according to a study referenced within Barriers and Bias. Accordingly, after giving birth women see a 4% decrease in earnings per child. Meanwhile men actually thrive in fatherhood, with an average 6% earnings increase. The confidence gap, which has been a discussion for years, contributes to this divideRead MoreGender Equality in the Classroom1082 Words   |  5 Pages Analyzing the Classroom From the time we are about 5 years old and for some of us into our late 20’s and 30’s we are in a coeducational environment called the classroom. Ever wonder which gender has the leg up? The bias towards? The one most likely to succeed? My prediction is that boys from kindergarten through the collegiate level more often than not will have an advantage capturing the teacher’s attention and dominating classroom activities over women. From the way students are bred into the

My Favorite Song free essay sample

My favorite song When asked to write an essay about my favorite song, I thought this would be easy. After several days of contemplation, decided this was not going to be as easy as I thought. However, I did manage and decided that Sky The Limit from The Notorious B. L. G. s 1997 album titled Life After Death, had to be my favorite. It features vocals from the band 112 and somber production from Clark Kent. It contains a sample from the song My Flame by Bobby Caldwell and Keep On by D,Train. I enjoy this song for many reasons, a few being the artist, its message, the songs tempo and the music video. The song acts as a sequel to his hit Juicy as the lyrics deal with The Notorious B. L. G. s tough upbringing and how he made it in life. Notorious B. I,G. Was notarized early In his career mostly for his lyrical content, which Included B. We will write a custom essay sample on My Favorite Song or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page L. G. s lyrical topics and themes Included hardcore gangster lyrics, Mafioso tales, his drug dealing past, materialistic bragging, as well as humor, and romance.His tales of street exploits (selling crack, robbing, shootouts, etc. ) coupled with humorous expressions permeated his first album and the freestyle appearances he made on radio stations, but his reputation for Ignorance didnt detract from his diversity. He is respected for his storytelling ability, which was not fully realized until his second album. During his hiatus he had developed his wordplay and structure, honing the technical side to his verses. Notorious B. L. G. s lyrics have been sampled by many of todays rappers. Chi as Jay-Z, Fat Joe, 50 Cent, Fabulous, Foxy Brown and Busts Rhymes. In 2001, hip hop magazine The Source crowned The Notorious B. I. G. As the greatest MAC (Master of Ceremony) of all time. In the song Sky The Limit it gives the message of following your dreams and never giving up. Everybody has goals and dreams. These dreams are at the center of who you really are. It Is the core essence of who you are as a person, and the very purpose of your being. What you are dreaming of accomplishing in your life is Gods way of getting you involved in his master plan. You were gifted with a set of dreams and talents, in the hope that you would act out these passions, follow your dreams and thusly move forward In life. Its really a great pity that weve been told already since early childhood that we should stop dreaming and start living. What a mistake! Living is dreaming. This is exactly why we are here: to pursue our dreams. Not for selfish reasons, but for the sake of everybody. By following my dreams, I am becoming a better person, a happy person, shining brightly Like a sun, lightening up the lives of those around me.If I decide to roger about my dreams, then I will become like a plant without water or sunlight, leaves hanging down, begging for water and looking rather miserable. Am I of any help to myself or to the world when I abandon my dreams? Your dream Is the reason for the way you are. Your dream Is not a coincidence. Your dream Is who you are. You should pursue it. Your dream gives you a sense of meaning and purpose, and drives you on into your chosen future. Your dream is the meaning of your life. This song has on exactly what the singer is saying.

Managing Human Resource

Introduction Currently, Human Resource Management is taken to be a contemporary development that has reshaped employment relationship. This perspective has come out to replace the traditional approaches like industrial relations and personnel management in order to better the practices of employment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Human Resource specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, Human Resource Management remains a modern science that is constantly evolving in complex environment and organizations. However, its direct connection with strategic management has resulted to its division into two major approaches called soft and hard Human Resource Management. In the ancient and recent past, it was understood that personnel management aimed at efficiency, organizational development and justice through bringing together employees in the organization by enhancing their collective and individual cont ribution to its success. For that matter, a personnel manager was a person who was in charge of employees’ welfare at work place, loyal to the organization, abiding to internal and external cultures as well as responsible for adjusting to organizational challenges and its environment. On the other hand, Human Resource Management is considered to be a strategic approach in management of employment relations that seeks to leverage employees’ capabilities in attaining competitive advantage. For that matter, this paper covers different perspectives of human resource management. Nevertheless, it also covers several ways of developing flexibility within the workplace. It also looks at several ways of creating equal opportunities in a working environment as applied by British Sugar; a United Kingdom Company that deals with supply of sugar in the market. Moreover, several topical human resource practices and issues are also explored. Types of Flexibility in the work processes and how it can be applied in British Sugar Company Flexibility in the work processes usually requires strategy that is responsible for hiring, managing, assessing and rewarding these employees. However, for this to be effective, it is imperative that the strategy adopted must be geared towards improvement of employees’ engagement, job satisfaction, job retention and their overall well being. British Sugar appreciates flexibility in its work processes since it is believed that it helps to reduce stress and achieve job satisfaction. For that matter, British Sugar is applying several ways of achieving flexibility in its work processes. The traditional flexi time is one of the mechanisms that the company is applying. According to Luis and others (2011) affirmed that this approach allows employees in the organization to select their appropriate starting and quitting sessions. This is done within a reasonable time that surrounds their hours of operations.Advertising Looking fo r essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the company also applies this approach through having a compressed work that enables employees to allocate themselves hours such as ten hours per day for four days in a week. Therefore, this means that employees usually have the remaining three days of the week as their off days which brings forth flexibility in the work processes. According to Stephen (2005), this is important since it helps to reduce work related stress during these elongated off periods. Nonetheless, there exist several advantages and disadvantages that are accrued from application of flexi time approach in the concept of flexibility in the work processes of British Sugar. The arrangement benefits both the employer and the employee. For instance, working parents are helped by the arrangement to balance their family and work responsibilities. Moreover, it also helps employees to avoid stres sful traffic and provision of longer leisure time. On the part of the employer, the arrangement is beneficial since it helps build motivation amongst its employees. Moreover, it is acknowledged by Stephen (2005) that flexi time helps to increase efficiency since it permits scheduling of activities to concur with the flow and ebb of the workload. For that matter, work processes in the organization are made to be flexible to both employee and the employer hence increasing productivity. Nevertheless, under flexi time arrangement, it is difficult for the managers to ensure completion of critical functions and optimum work flow. This is so since they encounter the problem of supervision. Moreover, flexi time also is a source of additional overhead costs since facilities are strained by the elongated working hours. Furthermore, British Sugar is applying induction exercise to its new recruits as one of its approach to flexibility in the work process. Induction according to Susan and Stephe n (2005) is opined to be one of the ways of achieving flexibility in the work processes. This is so since it enables new recruits to learn work processes of the company thus enabling them to accomplish given tasks with flexibility. On the other hand, Jenkins and Ambrosini (2002) provided that once an individual talent has been attracted to the organisation and recruited, it is relatively important to undergo an induction process. This process has several crucial purposes in the organization. These include; Acting as an avenue through which new recruits are able to learn expectations of the organization. Being the process through which the organization’s culture is inculcated in the new recruit. Acting as a platform through which the new recruit is able to learn both the internal and external environment of the organization Therefore, in elaboration, it acts as an avenue through which new recruits are able to learn expectations of the organisation. Through learning of the bu siness processes, they are in a better position to learn how business is conducted in order to achieve the set goals and objectives. This brings forth the desired flexibility in work processes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Human Resource specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, through the induction process, the organisation’s culture is able to be inculcated in the new recruit. New staff is able to cope with the culture of the organisation. This is important since it helps one to become part of the wider community of the organization. Thirdly, Jenkins and Ambrosini (2002) opined that an induction programme also plays an important role of helping the new recruit to learn both the internal and external environment of the British Sugar. Mostly, these recruits are people who are new in the environment both internally and externally. The induction process helps them to adapt to these new environ ment by familiarizing with it before settling down for meaningful engagement. This helps them to adapt smoothly thus being flexible in the work processes of the company. Consequently, these three purposes of induction have benefits to an individual and to the organization as a whole. To begin with, it is evident that the induction process acts as an orientation process to the new recruit. This is a benefit since it enables him or her to learn the operation of the organization and to adapt to the new environment. Moreover, it also benefits the new recruit by providing on job training before he or she is left to perform these duties on his or her own. On the other hand, it is beneficial to the organization since it advances the culture of the organisation to the new recruit. In addition, it also acts as a platform through which the organization advances its expectations to new recruit. This promotes flexibility of work processes in the company. Labor market trends and flexibility Labo r market shapes the approach that an organization takes to its human resource management. For that matter, it should be appreciated that development in social, political, economical and technological sphere of life has significantly affected labor supply in the society. Therefore, knowledge of labor market is important to appreciate trends and flexibility in organizations. Nonetheless, labor market can be divided into two broad categories; internal and external labor market. Changing trends in these two categories have effects to its supply.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Classical theorists believed that it was prudent to apply a structured approach to employee management. This means that the labor market was limited from outside the organization where by people entered organizations at very lower levels but proceeded to senior positions through internal promotions. However, this was after a successful in house training. This was beneficial to both employer and the employee in that it encouraged career advancement of these people while at the same time limiting transfer of skills to other competing organization. Contrary to the classical theorists, contemporary approaches to human resource management appreciate a liberal market where labor market appreciates transfer of skills from one organization to another. For that matter, the labor market is influenced by external forces that determine its supply and demand on the market. These forces include changes in societal attitudes to education and work. For instance, in the current labor market, there i s high appreciation of female workers as opposed in the traditional approaches. Moreover, there is desire to balance work and family life. In addition, economic factors are also part of the external forces that determines labor market trends in the contemporary times. Both national and international economic conditions such as inflation, interest and exchange rates determine the cost of living. For that matter, incase of high rates, it implies that more members of the family should work to meet rising expenses. Moreover, globalization process is another key factor that determines labor market trends in the contemporary society. Forces such as global financial performance, international migrations and production systems are some of the factors that affect labor market in the current times. For that matter, an organization needs to put these factors into consideration in management of its human resource. Therefore, flexibility in work processes such as flexi time also needs to put fac tors of globalization into consideration. Additionally, contemporary labor market has tremendously changed in such a way that a supply of a given form of labor in a given region can create demand of that particular labor in another regional market. Flexible working methods and issues related to flexibility Flexible working applies different approaches. However, according to Jenkins and Ambrosini (2002), an approach that may appear flexible to an employee may not be flexible to the employer and vice versa. For that matter, it is necessary to adopt an approach that tries to satisfy both the employer and the employee. Therefore, it is important to apply organizational and labor market flexible practices in order for all stakeholders to be comfortable. In connection to this, the organization may decide to apply the following approaches or in their combination. Labor Market Flexibility Labor market flexibility is an approach where employees and the employer respond to ever changing labor conditions in the market. Labor supply can be applied in various ways, for instance, the supply of hours of work by an employee. This kind of approach puts two major considerations in terms of labor costs. The consideration includes sacrifice of working extra time and any kind of disadvantages associated with that kind of work. In that connection, it is important that any extra hour worked should be accompanied by a higher hourly compensation due to the high disutility incurred during the working processes. Moreover, in terms of increased wage rate due to extra working hours, there are also positive effects associated with the process. For instance, it facilitates improved childcare support which in turn helps to increase conditions of other people in the labor market. Flexible Firm Flexibility In relation to this approach, it is propounded by Johnson and Scholes (2008) that that there are two major categories of workers in a flexible firm. These include the core and peripheral wor kers. In relation to core workers, they are believed to be employees who are on permanent employment in the organization. These permanent employees enable the organization to deliver functional flexibility since they are involved in accomplishing a wide variety of tasks. On the other hand, peripheral employees provide the organization with flexibility in terms of numbers since they may increase or reduce given the current labor market. For that matter, the flexible firm flexibility entails reorganization of organization’s internal labor into various categories basing on the employer’s expectations and employees’ experiences. However, in terms of human resource management policies such training and other general employee development, core workers are the only ones who are involved in the program. However, the peripheral workers are only exposed to raw policy forces. In addition, in an event of economic turmoil such as recession, the peripheral employees are the o nes who are more susceptible. Advantages of flexible working practices to both employer and the employee Advancers of flexible working practices points out several advantages that attracts organizations to move towards that direction. These include competitive advantages that are accrued from these programs. Competitiveness is however attained though achieving high rate of employee retention. Thus, high employee retention means that organizations end up spending fewer resources on training employees as compared to the instance when there is high rate of employee turnover. Moreover, it should also be noted that due to employee retention, valued employees’ skills, knowledge and experience are retained in the organization hence giving it the vigor in work processes. Moreover, according to Johnson and Scholes (2008), it is believed that flexibility working practices reduces undesirable behaviors in the work place such as absenteeism. This is so since it provides flexible options which strengthen employees’ commitment while giving ample time that result to absenteeism in other work practices. In addition, proponents of flexible working practices hold that flexibility in work processes enables organizations to increase their employee loyalty by not necessarily making major changes in their work processes. In most cases, work flexibility entails little or completely no changes in the work processes. For example, compressed weeks of work and flexi time only need similar number of hours using the same work arrangements. Importantly, it is also worthy to note that flexible work practices have positive impact on employee productivity. This is so since employees are able to meet their family needs through approaches such as flexi time hence they are likely to be contented with both work processes and their family life. Moreover, flexibility practices such as application of telecommuting helps employees to be more productive since they are freed by headaches such as office interruptions. Disadvantages of flexible working practices to both employer and the employee Despite having several advantages accrued from flexible working practices, it is imperative to acknowledge several disadvantages that are connected to this kind of arrangement. These disadvantages actually have negative consequences to organizations. To begin with, flexibility arrangement such as telecommuting can be at times disastrous since other processes such as customer services which usually needs physical attention of personnel suffers in the long run. On the other hand, it is also imperative to note that in such kind of arrangement, interpersonal relationship that employees develop through physical interaction with different stakeholders in the organization is largely affected which in the long run ruin with their personality. Moreover, it is also opined by Lynch (2006) that flexibility working arrangements have issues with supervisory tasks since employees are never a round to be answerable to their task performance especially in the event of telecommuting. In addition, in terms of employees working from their homes, it becomes a problem for them to keep balance between their office work and family activities. Forms of discrimination that take place There are several forms of description that takes place at the work place. Nonetheless, these forms of discrimination vary from one environment to another and from one organization to the next. To begin with, age in some circumstances is used to discriminate people in the organization. This kind of discrimination takes place in different forms. For instance, an organization may downsize an older employee in order to keep a young employee who can be paid less. Moreover, some organizations may set age limit in their staff development programs such as training in favor of young ones. Nevertheless, gender is another form of discrimination that occurs in work places. In most cases, gender discrimination is usually accompanied by sexual harassment. For instance, some employers discriminate women in their recruitment process since they believe that they will impact the organization negatively during their elongated maternity leave. Moreover, in some organizations, gender is closely associated with some departments. For instance, some will consider women candidates for marketing function than compared to men while in engineering department, men will be considered more than women candidates. In addition, discrimination based on religion is also a common practice that is exhibited in some organizations. Recruiting or promotion of employees in these organizations is based on ones faith. For instance, in the United States, people who professed Muslim faith started being discriminated after the terror event of 9th September, 2001. This was so since all Muslims were believed to have terror links hence being a threat to the stability of the country. Additionally, it is also imperative to note that in countries that experience racism, there is high rate of racial discrimination in work places. For instance, if the top management is of a certain race, he or she will likely to recruit people of his or her race in an environment that is multi racial. For that matter, it is prudent to acknowledge that all types of discrimination at the work place can have disastrous effects to the organization. This includes heavy fines to organization which in turn results to financial hardships. For instance, in some countries, an organization that is found guilty of practicing racism is liable for some fines which in the long run can result to the demise of the firm. Types of appraisal and feedback methods in performance management There exist several types of appraisal and performance management in human resource management. All these provide feedback on performance of employees in the organizations. The feedback informs the management on decisions such as training needs of its staff, pro motions, transfers, terminations and increase in remuneration. Some of these appraisal methods include; Management by Objectives In this approach, the management examines tangible and measurable goals after every stipulated period of time such as a year. At the onset of each year, the management usually sets objectives to be attained by employees during that period. Then, at the end of that year, the performance measurement of any employee is compared to his or her peers and in comparison to the set objectives to determine those achieved. Employees who achieve the bigger percentage of the objectives set are considered to have performed to the expectations of the organization. On the other hand, employees who tend to have achieved little in comparison to the set objectives are deemed to have performed poorly in that particular year. Therefore, the management is at the discretion to take any appropriate measures. 360 Degree This approach of employee appraisal is an all round technique that involves evaluation during the entire working processes. For instance, the employee is assessed all through by all stakeholders. For example, one is evaluated by the immediate boss, the top management, the subordinates and all other people including clients that the employee interact with during his or her working process. These stakeholders provide feedback concerning the working style of this employee which serves as a measure in determining other processes such as employee training, promotion or termination. Behavioral Observation Technique By using this method, the management is able to identify strengths and weaknesses of its employees based on their behavior at the work place. The method entails the manager observing specific conducts and actions of the employee in his or her daily activities. Therefore, the manager is in a position to review the performance of the employee. It is imperative to note that it is easier to accomplish this kind of appraisal since it only inv olves observation of behaviors displayed by the employee. However, it is also important to note that for the exercise to be successful, it is necessary for the manager to have a good knowledge of how particular behavior affects work performance. In addition, it is a must that the manager should have time to be able to observe a particular employee. Teams Evaluations Evaluation of teams within an organization is just like individual evaluation process that is intended to meet continuous improvement in organizational processes. Therefore, the standards that guide evaluation of teams must focus on customer satisfaction. For that matter, teams must be rated based on customer satisfaction and the ambitious goals of the organization. For instance, to be an outstanding team, customers must continuously provide positive feedback. Moreover, these teams must consistently be working towards improvement of processes in order to improve efficiency and effectiveness of their operations. Therefore , Lynch (2006) postulated that in order to attain an outstanding performance, the team must significantly boost effectiveness and efficiency that are paramount to clients’ satisfaction. Therefore, in evaluating teams in the organization, there is need to develop an appraisal scheme that entails organization’s standards of excellence. These standards include skills and knowledge of the job, interpersonal relationships and teamwork, reliability and dependability, flexibility and adaptability in the working environment and most importantly, work performance. For that matter, assessing team performance should therefore keep in mind these key standards. In addition, processes that are critical to the team must be evaluated to establish their performance. Moreover, Mintzberg and Quinn (2003) opined that when assessing team performance, it is relatively important to check for the role fit in the team. Ideally, every member in the team has a role. For that matter, every role o f the team member must be evaluated to gauge whether it fits their skills and knowledge and whether they are capable of performing these roles. In addition, performance reviews of the team must be regularly conducted to ensure that organizational goals and objectives are being met in the team. Moreover, in the team assessment, every member must be given an opportunity to contribute towards teamwork. This is an important aspect of group evaluation since it gives a sense of belonging to members which is a critical ingredient in promoting continuous improvement in the organization. Therefore, it should be a strategy for the company to regularly perform team evaluation exercise. However, this process should encompass a multifaceted programme that is appropriate for effectiveness and efficiency appraisal program for the organization. For that matter, the appraiser should enable the team members to personally identify the outcomes of their own work and not rely on the second or third part y for providing results of their work. Secondly, the evaluation programme must be based on performance measures of the team members. This should put into consideration what has happened, what has changed, what has advanced and what has improved in a team for a specific period of time. This approach is intended to make sure that there is a continued improvement in the team in respect to the changing needs of the organization. Thirdly, it is also important that the appraiser identifies what every individual member contributes in the team. The success of teamwork is usually dependant on the contributions of each individual member thus their individual efforts are relatively important. However, when assessing individual efforts in the group, the outcomes of all members must be accumulated to come up with teamwork results. Fourthly, regular reviews of teamwork must be undertaken after a specific period of time. These reviews must be undertaken regularly to ensure that the team’s p erformance remains on course. The review must focus on the results of the teamwork in order to identify problems and successes. This provides a benchmark for grading performance of the team. However, according to Mintzberg and Quinn (2003), there are differences that exist between evaluating team performance and individual performance. To begin with, these two processes are different in terms of parameters that are used in evaluation. For individual evaluation, job description becomes the basis of assessment. This is contrary to team evaluation since it is the goals that were set to be attained by the team that becomes the basis for assessment. Secondly, another difference in evaluation relates to the outcomes. The outcome of the team is determined by all members of the team. For instance, a competent individual in the team might be affected by non-functional team. This is common in instances where a team is comprised by incompetent members. However, an incompetent team member may b e evaluated as a good performer as a result of functional and competent team members (Stephen, 2005). Nevertheless, on individual evaluation, an individual takes full responsibility of his or her own performance. Lastly, individual assessment has a direct correlation to compensation. For instance, an individual who performs well in the performance appraisal is likely to benefit from benefits such as salary increase, bonuses and promotion. On the other hand, it is relatively impossible to provide these benefits to all team members based on team evaluation. Moreover, team members will complain whenever some of the team members are selectively rewarded as a result of teamwork evaluation. Concept of Succession Planning within an Organization Additionally, it is relatively important to develop a succession plan within an organization to facilitate performance appraisal. This process of succession planning ensures that there is competent workforce in the organization so that no vacuum is created when some of the personnel leave the organization (Lynch, 2006). For that matter, there are several reasons as to why an organization should adopt a succession plan in their operations. To begin with, one of the major reasons for adopting this plan is to forecast the future needs of the organization. Succession planning helps to identify future needs and requirements of the organization and as a result prepares for these needs. For instance, the organization can benefit from the plan when they lose an incumbent of a certain line since the replacement is automatically done. In addition, the plan ensures that the organization is better placed in terms of its human resource management since balanced scorecards are well planned for. These balanced scorecards are critical in ensuring management effectiveness in the organization which is key for continuous improvement. For that matter, the key reason for adopting succession planning is to guarantee service delivery to clients. The refore, for the succession planning to be successfully used in the company, it is relatively important to incorporate it in the company’s strategic plans. Moreover, it is also advisable to incorporate it in succession plans of the employees training programee. For that reasons a succession planning process for the company should take a strategic planning approach (Mintzberg Quinn, 2003). These succession plans should therefore be incorporated in the strategic goals of the organization. In addition, the planning process must adopt an inclusive approach such that it must incorporate all stakeholders in crafting these plans. Moreover, the top management must actively be involved in order to win their support in the entire process. Lastly, the formulated plan must be communicated effectively in the organization to bring about awareness of the programme. Human resource practices in the workplace related to occupational health, accidents at work, ill health at work, costs and abse nteeism Human resource practices in the workplace related to occupational health, accidents at work place, ill health at work and absenteeism are determined by several factors. These factors can be categorized into two major categories that relates to hereditary factors, health practices of an employee, personal resources, values and attitudes that employees posses when joining the organization. Secondly, apart from factors that relates to the employee, there are also other factors that are related to the work place in the organization. These are factors that have effects on the employee once he or she joins the organization in terms of their psychological and physical sense. For that matter, the organization has control over these factors and therefore, can help to control them in order to help combat these factors from adversely affecting productivity of employees. However, there are several human resource practices that an organization can employ in the workplace that are related to occupational health, accidents at work, ill health at work and absenteeism in order to reduce their occurrence. These practices include; Organizational Culture Organization culture consists of values, attitudes and beliefs that are practiced in the organization on a regular basis. These affect employees physical and mental well being. The psychosocial environment affects employees’ health. Therefore, it should be friendly to them in order to maintain their health. This is so since it creates two times greater injury risks, conflict at the workplace and violence, mental illness and back pain. For that matter, in order to avoid all these risks, it is important that an organization adopts a friendly organizational culture that is healthy to its employees. A good organizational culture promotes sound health conditions amongst organizational employees. Physical environment of the workplace Physical environment at the workplace should be healthy and safe. Therefore, it should b e free from hazards such as machine and electricity, musculoskeletal and chemical dangers. For that matter, these hazards should be regularly assessed in the organization to make sure that they are hazard free. In a physical environment that is characterized by prevalence of these hazards, occurrences of accidents become a common thing in the organization which in itself is counterproductive. Personal Health Practices Organizational management need to provide resources that relates to personal health of their employees. Every organization should be on the forefront to provide support to their employees in improvement of their personal health. For instance, organization should not be an inhibitor to employees in making lifestyle choices that are healthy to their well being. The employer should not in any way impose employees’ lifestyle choices. Therefore, the employer should help to eliminate these barriers to personal health by promoting flexible work practices to their workf orces. For instance, the organization can provide training on stress management, programs on smoking cessation, fitness club and flexi time working arrangement among others. All these approaches are geared towards promoting employees’ healthy being hence helping in solving of related problems such as ill health and accidents at the workplaces. Impact of globalization on human resource planning such as workplace counseling, ergonomics, alcohol and drug abuse and stress management Globalization has impacted differently on human resource management in the current times. The effects have therefore affected the way organizations undertake their human resource planning functions at the work place. In addition, it has also led to adverse effects on work place practices such as counseling, ergonomics, handling of issues such as alcohol and drug abuse and stress management. To begin with, globalization has resulted to transformation of traditional workforce composition to new arrangem ents. For instance, the traditional employment of human resource on permanent basis is quickly fading off as new forms of employment are being adopted on a widespread scale. Working arrangements such as outsourcing are becoming common practices in modern organization and globalization takes the center stage. In most organizations, their workforce is currently composed of the temporary, part time and freelance workers as opposed to the traditional permanent employment. Moreover, global outsourcing is also a practice that is currently being applied by most organization as it has even encroached into core functions of the organizations such as customer service. For that matter, it becomes practically impossible for the organization to partake practices such as workplace counseling, ergonomics, alcohol and drug abuse and stress management since most of these employees are considered to be seasonal. Therefore, it becomes difficult for the organization to adequately plan for seasonal empl oyees whose continued presence is not predicted. As a result, these human resource management practices are therefore left to be handled by other auxiliary players who may not provide the desired standards especially in the case of outsourcing. For that matter, work place counseling, ergonomics, alcohol and drug abuse and stress management are therefore mismanaged in the organization. In most cases, this impacts negatively to the well being of these employees in the organization. Practices that HR Professionals can employ to manage culturally diverse workforce through multi-culturalism Organizational performance is determined by several factors. Some of these factors include management of cultural diversity at the work place. In terms of human resource management practices, there are a wide variety of measures that human resource personnel can implement in order to promote cultural diversity in the organization. Nevertheless, multi culturalism at the work place can be promoted throu gh practices such as equal treatment of all employees irrespective of their cultural affiliations. Therefore, it means there should be no discrimination in the work place either by the management or by employees themselves. Treating of employees differently in the workplaces normally erodes morale while at the same time creating resentment. For that matter, it is important that preferential treatment of employees be discouraged. Moreover, the organization should put in place some efforts that help to break down insensitivities and stereotypes towards minority groups. Furthermore, organizations have become increasingly concerned with disparities that exist in the work places which are highly attributed to ethnicity, race and the socio-economic class that exist in our societies. Therefore, in relation to this, it is important for any organization to craft effective and efficient human resource approaches that aim to help in creating awareness amongst its employees against practices th at promote discrimination in the work place. For that matter, competent and proactive practices in a diversity awareness program need to be crafted and implemented in the organization. Moreover, various activities and roles of stakeholders around and within the organization need to take center stage in preaching against cultural discrimination (Mintzberg Quinn, 2003). Therefore, the diversity awareness system should prioritize the organizational cultural diversity in order to have culturally competent practices that address these disparities. Therefore, British Sugar which is the employer in this case should develop a blue print that seeks to address all forms of disparity in its business processes. Nevertheless, the blue print should have structures which intend to facilitate friendly working environment through allocation of friendly work schedules and equal treatment amongst its employees. Besides, the human resource management personnel must ensure that senior management is edu cated on the need of the program to ensure their full participation. This is important since their active input in the approaches can help to minimize cultural discrimination in the work place. For instance, they can help to implement recruitment using electronic means which is one of the ways disparity in recruitment can be minimized. Nonetheless, it is also imperative to involve senior management since any measures taken need financial support which they have the final word. Therefore, the activities should not be trivialized especially in relation to financial support (Tansley Newll, 2007). Conclusion Human resource management is perceived in different ways. Several literature hold that human resource work involves the technical and rational realities of management functions (planning, organizing, leading and controlling).For instance, according to Jenkins and Ambrosini (2002), the practice of management involves managing power and politics where by one has to exert power to oth ers or being subjected to it. However, it is always challenging for managers to balance power and politics since according to Johnson and Scholes (2008), the most taunting task for managers is managing how to manage. In this respect, one is said to be a manager when he or she is able to use and balance power and politics in the best manner of his or her management functions. For that matter, it is important to apply human resource management functions in providing flexibility in work processes in order create conducive working environment. For that matter, human resource management functions should be applied in the organization to bring forth management effectiveness in the human resource practices. Consequently, issues such as discrimination should be addressed using best human resource practices. In connection to this, it is imperative that organization should develop legislative framework that seeks to guard against forms of discrimination at the work place. In addition, organiz ational culture should also be reformed in order to accommodate sound human resource practices such as respect to cultural diversity. This paper has also covered performance appraisal of employees in the organization by looking at various key issues of this exercise. For instance, it has extensively covered the concept of succession planning within an organization where various related issues have been covered. Likewise, evaluation of teams within an organization has been extensively covered by looking at related elements. To wind up, it should be understood that human resource appraisal in the organization is basically applied to ensure that continuous improvement is attained. Therefore, the paper recommends that the top management of the company should incorporate this appraisal plan in the organization’s strategic plans in order to ensure that it is in line with the goals and objectives of the organization. Furthermore, flexibility in work processes should also be aligned to strategic plans in order to achieve effectiveness in business operations. References Jenkins, N. Ambrosini, V. (2002) Strategic Management: A Multi-Perspective Approach. Basingstoke, Palgrave. Johnson, G. Scholes, K. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy. 8th Ed. London, Prentice Hall. Luis, R., David, B. B. Robert, L. C. (2011) Managing human resources. USA: Prentice Hall. Lynch, R. (2006) Corporate Strategy. 4th Ed. London, Prentice Hall. Mintzberg, H. Quinn, J. (2003) Strategy Process and Cases. 4th Ed. London, Prentice Hall. Stephen, B. (2005) Managing human resources: Personnel management in transition. USA: Blackwell Publishing. Susan, E. J. Randall, S. S. (2000) Managing human resources: A partnership perspective. London: South-Western College Publishing. Tansley, C. Newll, S. (2007) A Knowledge based view of agenda formation in the development of human resource information systems. Management learning, 38(1), pp.95-119. This essay on Managing Human Resource was written and submitted by user Cedric Buchanan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Tempest Analysis Discusses Morality and Fairness

'The Tempest' Analysis Discusses Morality and Fairness This analysis reveals that Shakespeare’s presentation of morality and fairness in the play is highly ambiguous and it is not clear where the audience’s sympathies should lay. The Tempest Analysis: Prospero Although Prospero has been treated badly at the hands of the Milan nobility, Shakespeare has made him a difficult character to sympathize with. For example: Prospero’s title in Milan was usurped, yet he did much the same thing to Caliban and Ariel by enslaving them and taking control of their island.Alonso and Antonio cruelly cast Prospero and Miranda out to sea, yet Prospero’s revenge is equally as cruel: he creates a horrific storm which destroys the boat and throws his noble counterparts into the sea. Prospero and Caliban In the story of The Tempest, Prospero’s enslavement and punishment of Caliban is difficult to reconcile with fairness and the extent of Prospero’s control is morally questionable. Caliban had once loved Prospero and showed him everything there was to know about the island, but Prospero’s considers his education of Caliban as more valuable. However, our sympathies firmly lay with Prospero when we learn that Caliban had tried to violate Miranda. Even when he forgives Caliban at the end of the play, he promises to â€Å"take responsibility† for him and continue to be his master. Prospero’s Forgiveness Prospero uses his magic as a form of power and control and gets his own way in every situation. Even though he does ultimately forgive his brother and the king, this could be considered to be a way to reinstate his Dukedom and ensure the marriage of his daughter to Ferdinand, soon to become King. Prospero has secured his safe passage back to Milan, the reinstatement of his title and a powerful connection to royalty through the marriage of his daughter – and managed to present it as an act of forgiveness! Although superficially encouraging us to sympathize with Prospero, Shakespeare questions the idea of fairness in The Tempest. The morality behind Prospero’s actions is highly subjective, despite the happy ending which is conventionally employed to â€Å"right the wrongs† of the play.

Policy brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy brief - Essay Example There is an acute shortage of nursing faculty across all the states in the US as Fox (2013) reports "Shortage of professors is curbing the capacity of nursing schools to crank out graduates with advanced degrees†. More baccalaureate degree-holder nurses are required from the view point of achieving higher enrollees for doctoral programs as well. IOM say that almost half the nursing workforce is likely to retire in couple of years. The proportion of ageing population over age 65 is steadily going up creating further strain on quality care. Reforms in healthcare system will bring millions of people under healthcare system requiring more nurses to provide needed healthcare in hospitals. It is important to note that the US Army, Air force, and Navy need nurses with baccalaureate degree. Even the Veterans Health Administration too needs nurses with a baccalaureate degree for further advancement in the job. According to Lavis et al. (2009), it is important to know whether increasing the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to 80 percent by 2020 is an important issue for policy makers in the process to enhance healthcare for people. This issue is highly relevant in the sense that baccalaureate degree-holder nurses by 2020 in the US is important for several reasons that include changing demographics where in proportion of aged above 65 is steadily increasing due to rising age at birth in the US and secondly the goal is to enhance quality care for its citizens. Baccalaureate degree nurses (BSN) play an important role in preventive care. Being trained in public community health and management the BSN nurses are more suited for several functions that include manager, patient educator, public health, discharge coordinator. Obama administration lays a special emphasis on preventive measures and Public Health Departments are provided increased funding support from the administration. The BSN-prepared public health nurses are most suited for

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Business Strategy - Essay Example Thus, the goal of this paper is to identify and recommend specific measures on how the proposed transition in ownership can be best managed with the interest of both parties in mind. This paper will primarily answer the biggest issues that Walden and Able faces which includes their different strategies and success metrics. How would you reconcile Ables need for building market share (long-term strategic business objective) with Waldens drive for year-to year quarterly increases in sales and pretax profit (short-term, corporate objective)? The current strategy of Able is building market in order to efficiently distribute costs. The business organization believes that in order to be successful in its industry, in needs to capture most of the market. The strategy can be seen as a long-term business objective. On the other hand, Walden pursues a short term corporate objective of increasing its quarterly income and pre-tax profits. At the first look, these two strategies seem to be in direct contrast with each other. For one, the focus of Walden is in the short run while Able is concern in the long term. However, looking more closely, both of these strategies can be simultaneously pursued as they will be bringing in the same results for the two business organizations which is growth. It can be argued that establishing the quarterly goal of revenue and profit increases can be attained through revamping the whole operation of Able and in the long run can help it earn a sizable share in the market. Walden’s acquisition of Able can be largely help the latter to pursue its goal of increasing market share and record sales and profit increases each quarter. It should be noted that aside from circular saws, Able’s products are only able to corner no more than 3% of the market. This is amidst the fact that there is a large and growing

Walking to improve your health Essay Example for Free

Walking to improve your health Essay Hi, my name is Peter Dong. Today, I would like to share guys about using mobile phones while driving. I think we all have a cell phone. Before I get started, I would like to ask you guys this question, how many of you use mobile phone while driving? Not long ago, my friend, who lives in CA, had a fatal accident caused by phone while driving. So, I decided to share about you, what are the use of mobile while driving, the causes or problems using it, and how to prevent using mobile while driving. According to National Safety Council Study, about every 26 seconds a crash caused by drivers using phones while driving. What is distracted driving and how cell phones distracted drivers? Distracted driving is driving while doing another activity that takes your attention away from driving. Distraction occurs any time you take your eyes off the road, your hands off the wheel, and your mind off driving. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, each day in the United States, more than 9 people are killed and more than 1060 people are injured in crashes that are reported to involve a distracted driver. 2012 Cell Phone and Driving Statistics In 2012, 3,328 people were killed in distraction-related crashes. About 421,000 people were injured in crashes involving a distracted driver. In 2012, 11% of drivers under age 20 involved in fatal accidents were reported to be distracted at the time of the crash. One-fourth of teenagers respond to at least one text message every time they drive and 20% of teens and 10% of parents report having multi-message text conversations while driving. How to prevent driving while using cell phones? Cell phone distracted driving has captured the attention of nation’s political leaders and employers and they are taking action: †¢ In December 2011, the National Transportation Safety Board recommended that all 50 states and the District of Columbia enact complete bans of all portable electronic devices for all drivers – including banning use of hands-free devices. †¢ While no state yet prohibits all drivers from any cell phone use, as of March 2012, 31 states prohibit teen drivers from any cell phone use,  including handheld and hands-free. †¢ The Federal Government has taken action. President Barack Obama issued an Executive order banning federal employees from texting while driving.16 Rules about employee use of cell phones while driving have been issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and Federal Railroad Administration. †¢ A National Safety Council membership survey showed employers of all sizes, sectors and industries are implementing employee policies banning talking and texting while driving. †¢ Public opinion polls show a majority of the public support these efforts.

The Power of Love in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesman essay

The Power of Love in Death of a Salesman   Ã‚   Love is one of the most confusing emotions that one can experience. It is simple yet complicated, unconditional but demanding, overused and unique. It is hard to explain what its means to feel love, to feel loved, or to be in love, however, there are aspects of love that are easily expressed. For example, ones unquestionable affection to the one they love, or the hardships and sacrifice that is endured for loved ones, and the underlying fact that once it is experienced it is not easily dismissed. The play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller describes love in just these ways, and, most of all, as the ultimate moral value that is the eternal bond that keeps people together. One can see this in the love that Linda has for her husband Willy, the unmistakable devotion that Willy has to his family, and the masked love that Biff has for his father, Willy.    Before experiencing the play Death of a Salesman the reader or viewer must understand the family standards that were in place during the time period that the play was set. It was a time where the man of the house had the final word in everything. The woman of the house was the follower of the man through any hardships, and never overstepped her role. Linda is that woman, always putting her needs second to Willy's. She is the eternal wife and mother, the point of affection both given and received, the woman who suffers and endures for her family. Linda's love for Willy is unquestionably pure and unconditional:    No. You can't just come to see me, because I love him. He's the dearest man in the world to me, and I wont have anyone making him feel unwanted and low and blue. You've got to make up your ... ... that love makes is extremely strong, and can withstand the strongest and longest tests that humankind could put it through. It is everlasting, and beautiful to experience.    Sources    Field, B.S.   "Death of a Salesman" Twentieth Century Literature.   January, 1972. 19-24.   Rpt. in World Literary Criticism.   Ed. Frank Magill.  Ã‚   "Arthur Miller" Detroit: Gale Research, 1992.   2366-2368. Hoeveler, D. J.   "Redefining Love" Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman: Modern Critical Interpretations.   Ed. Harold Blum.   Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1988. 72-81. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. Gerald Weales, ed. New York: Penguin, 1996 Parker, Brian.   "Point of View in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman."   Arthur Miller: A Collection of Critical Essays.   Ed. Robert Corrigan.   Englewood Cliffs:   Prentice Hall, 1969.   98-107.      

A product that is free of controversy

The portable oxygen cylinders are filled with liquefied oxygen. Mostly used for medical purposes or in areas with scarce or no oxygen like under water or at high levels above the ground i.e. aerospace.Medically, oxygen gas is used in the treatment of gas poisoning, pneumonia, used as an anesthetic when mixed with nitrous oxide or administered in deficiency of oxygen (Rees, Dudley, 2006).Liquefied oxygen is pale blue in color, and has a density of 1.141g/cm3. The liquid has a boiling point of -182.96oC and a freezing point of -222.65oC. Its raw material is oxygen which is obtained from natural air by a process know as fractional distillation.   At 20oC the liquid gas has an expansion rate of 860:1 (O'Leary, 2000).Fractional distillation is done in a factory with boilers this makes the laborers to work at very cold environments which are highly flammable. Natural air is made up of different gases which has different evaporation or freezing points. The natural air is first liquefied t o be liquid air which has a mixture of liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen with boiling points of (-196oC) and (-183oC) respectively.Liquid air is heated to -183oC which oxygen evaporate, it’s tapped and liquefied again now as Oxygen liquid which is then packed in high pressure cylinders for distribution. Most of the cylinders meet minimum requirements of weighing 5 pounds and under and usually last up to 5 hours or more (Portableoxygen, 2009). The cylinders administer oxygen in pulses through a device know as a conserver which delivers a pulse of oxygen when the user inhales.Ethical considerations of the product are; the liquefied gas is highly explosive and flammable hence it use for industrial purposes. Due to its properties of being highly flammable and explosive some people mix it with powdered charcoal to make explosives which are lethal.The product should be produced the way its being done but its distributions should be controlled and sold only to authorized dealers and users to minimize its use to prepare explosives.ReferencesO'Leary, D. (2000). Oxygen O2: Retrieved on Mar 22, 2009 from http://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/elem/elem008.htmlPortableoxygen, (2009). Portable Oxygen: Weights & Durations: Retrieved on Mar 22, 2009 from http://www.portableoxygen.org/weightsand%20durations.htmlRees, P & Dudley, F. (2006). Provision of oxygen at home. British Medical Journal. 317(7163): 935–938.

Comparing hypermarket and traditional wet market consumers perception - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5993 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4.0 Introduction This study was conducted in two different store formats, which are hypermarket and traditional wet market respectively. Totally 200 questionnaires were distributed and collected, each market has 100 questionnaires respectively. First of all, the general data such as respondents profiles, trip patterns and transaction patterns were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. This approach generates frequency and percentage of the respondents characteristics and presents the basic data and information. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparing hypermarket and traditional wet market consumers perception" essay for you Create order Secondly, reliability of the respondents perception on store image will be tested to examine whether if the data reliable or not. The level of reliability, which is so called Cronbachs alpha, the alpha value should not lower than 0.70 to obtain the consistent result. After that, independent t-test will be used to examine the level of significant on store attributes between different store formats. Moreover, we will also test the correlation between store formats and the demographic characteristics, trip patterns and transaction patterns. The differences of mean will be calculated, and 95% of confidence intervals were taken in this study. Significant probability was 0.05. It means if the result lower or equal to 0.05, it indicates statistically significantly different. 4.1Descriptive Analysis 4.1.1Respondents Profile 4.1.1.1Gender Sex Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Male 46 46.0 34 34.0 Female 54 54.0 66 66.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.1: Gender Figure 4.1: Gender At both different store formats, we can find that there is more female shop at markets than male does. Gender distribution of respondents at hypermarket was much more balanced than gender distribution of respondents at traditional wet market, which are 46% for male and 54% for female at hypermarket, while traditional wet market was 1/3 of respondents are male and 2/3 of respondents are female. 4.1.1.2Age Age Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent 25 and below 35 35.0 28 28.0 26-35 34 34.0 19 19.0 36-45 16 16.0 14 14.0 46-55 12 12.0 23 23.0 56 and above 3 3.0 16 16.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.2: Age Figure 4.2: Age The data collection of this study showed that respondents at hypermarket and traditional wet market with the age of 25 years old and below are the highest, which are 35% and 28% respectively, compare with the ages which are between 26-35 years old (34% and 19%), 36-45 years old (16% and 14%), 46-55 years old (12% and 23%), and 56 years old and above (3% and 16%). One phenomenon can be found in this data is the number of respondents of traditional wet market with the age which are between 46-55 years old and 56 years old and above, are much higher than the respondents of hypermarket with the same range of age. The total percentage for this range of age (46-55 years old and 56 years old and above), for traditional wet market is 39%, while for hypermarket is only 15%. We can conclude that the respondents of traditional wet market are older than the respondent of hypermarket. 4.1.1.3 Ethnic Ethnic Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Malay 33 33.0 14 14.0 Chinese 55 55.0 74 74.0 Indian 9 9.0 11 11.0 Others 3 3.0 1 1.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.3: Ethnic RUL 573- RESEARCH PROJECT IN PLANNING CHAPTER 4: Store Image: Comparing Hypermarket and Traditional Wet Market Consumers Perception. Case Study: Bayan Baru, Penang. Figure 4.3: Ethnic In this study, Chinese has the highest number of people (55% from hypermarket, 74% from traditional wet market) following to Malay (33% from hypermarket, 14% from traditional wet market), Indian (9% from hypermarket, 11% from traditional wet market) and the others (3% from hypermarket, 1% from traditional wet market). The biggest different of these store formats is Chinese respondent has higher portion at traditional wet market compare to hypermarket, which are of all respondents of traditional wet market compare to of all respondents of hypermarket. While the figure of Malay showed that Malay tends to shop at hypermarket instead of going to traditional wet market, the number of Malay shops at hypermarket is twice compare to number of Malay shops at traditional wet market. 4.1.1.4 Marital Status Marital Status Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Single 58 58.0 42 42.0 Married 42 42.0 58 58.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.4: Marital Status RUL 573- RESEARCH PROJECT IN PLANNING CHAPTER 4: Store Image: Comparing Hypermarket and Traditional Wet Market Consumers Perception. Case Study: Bayan Baru, Penang. Figure 4.4: Marital Status 40 RUL 573- RESEARCH PROJECT IN PLANNING CHAPTER 4: Store Image: Comparing Hypermarket and Traditional Wet Market Consumers Perception. Case Study: Bayan Baru, Penang. Base on the data that obtained, the respondents of hypermarket who are married (42%) are fewer than those who are single (58%). While respondents from of traditional wet market have the different situation, the result was totally inversed of hypermarket, that is 58% of the respondents are married, and the others 42% are single. This result indicates respondents of this study who are married tend to shop at traditional wet market and respondents who are single prefer to shop at hypermarket. 4.1.1.5 Education Level Education Level Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent College/ University 74 74.0 50 50.0 Secondary School 19 19.0 34 34.0 Primary School 2 2.0 13 13.0 No Formal Education 4 4.0 3 3.0 Others 1 1.0 1 1.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.5: Education Level Figure 4.5: Education Level The respondents from both store formats also have highest number of people (74% of hypermarket and 50% of wet market) who had at least tertiary education, which indicates college or university. This is because of more than 1/3 of respondents from hypermarket and 1/4 of respondents from traditional wet market who are younger generation, which is in the category of 25 years old and below as shown in Chapter 4.1.1.2. The overall result showed that the respondents of traditional wet market have slightly lower education level compare to those respondents of hypermarket. Half of the respondents of traditional wet market have not ever pursued tertiary education, the number is twice compare to those respondents of hypermarket who had only secondary education, primary education, and no formal education. 4.1.1.6 Occupation Occupation Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Waged Worker 25 25.0 32 32.0 Government Employee 18 18.0 5 5.0 Entrepreneur 7 7.0 5 5.0 Housewife 8 8.0 26 26.0 Student 39 39.0 23 23.0 Retired Unemployed 3 0 3.0 0.0 7 2 7.0 2.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.6: Occupation Figure 4.6: Occupation In the previous data showed that the respondents who are younger generation (25 years old and below) and have at least tertiary education level had a large portion of entire respondents. In this section, it showed that most of the respondents of hypermarket are student (39%), following by waged worker (25%), government employee (18%), housewife (8%), entrepreneur (7%), retired (3%). While at traditional wet market, most of the respondents are worked as waged worker (32%), following by housewife (26%), student (23%), retired (7%), government employee (5%), entrepreneur (5%) and unemployed (2%). This data also showed that housewife prefers to shop at traditional wet market (25%) instead of shop at hypermarket (8%). 4.1.1.7 Household Size Household Member Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 Total 7 5 6 28 27 14 7 6 0 0 0 100 7.0 5.0 6.0 28.0 27.0 14.0 7.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1 6 15 22 28 11 11 3 1 1 1 100 1.0 6.0 15.0 22.0 28.0 11.0 11.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 100.0 Table 4.7: Household Size Figure 4.7: Household Size The mode number of household size for respondents of hypermarket and traditional wet market are 4 and 5 respectively. The data showed that 28% and 27% of respondents of hypermarket have household size of 4 and 5. On the other hand, 22% and 28% of respondents of traditional wet market have household size of 4 and 5. These indicate more than half of the respondents who have household size of 4 or 5. From the figure above, we can see that the household size of traditional wet market respondent is slightly bigger than household size of hypermarket respondents. From the calculation, the mean household size of traditional wet market respondents are 4.87, and respondents of hypermarket are 4.63. 4.1.1.8Household Monthly Income Household Monthly Income Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent RM1500 and below 23 23.0 22 22.0 RM1501-2500 17 17.0 21 21.0 RM2501-3500 23 23.0 24 24.0 RM3501-4500 23 23.0 13 13.0 RM4501 and above 14 14.0 20 20.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.8: Household Monthly Income Figure 4.8: Household Monthly Income From these 200 respondents, there is no big difference of household monthly income between two different store formats. For respondent of hypermarket, the categories of RM1500 and below, RM2501-3500, and RM3501-4500 also showed 23% respectively, followed by RM1501-2500 (17%), RM4501and above (14%). On the other hand, the mode number of household monthly income for respondents of traditional wet market is RM2501-3500, followed by RM1500 and below (22%), RM1501-2500 (21%), RM4501 and above (20%), RM3501-4500 (13%). Overall there is not a very significant different between the groups and the categories. 4.1.2 Trip Patterns 4.1.2.1 Travelling Time from Home to Markets Travelling Time Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent 15 minutes and less 48 48.0 53 53.0 16-30 minutes 34 34.0 28 28.0 31-60 minutes 16 16.0 17 17.0 1 hour and more 2 2.0 2 2.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.9: Travelling Time Figure 4.9: Travelling Time Majority of the respondents travel from home to the markets were just within 15 minutes and this was showed by 48% respondents of hypermarket and 53% of traditional wet market. This indicates half of the respondents came from adjacent area. While 34% respondents of hypermarket and 28% respondents of traditional wet market have travelling time between 16-30 minutes. Travelling time between 31-60 minutes, 16% and 17% fell to respondents of hypermarket and respondents if traditional wet market respectively. The category of 1 hour and more is only chosen by 2% of respondents of hypermarket and traditional wet market respectively. From the data we can conclude that people prefer to travel from home to market in shorter time. 4.1.2.2 Transportation Mode Transportation Mode Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Walk 15 15.0 23 23.0 Bicycle 4 4.0 3 3.0 Bus 5 5.0 6 6.0 Motorcycle 8 8.0 23 23.0 Car Taxi Others 68 0 0 68.0 0.0 0.0 45 0 0 45.0 0.0 0.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.10: Transportation Mode Figure 4.10: Transportation Mode Majority of the respondents prefer going to the markets by car, the data showed that 68% of hypermarket respondents and 45% of traditional wet market respondents go to the markets by car. Another transportation mode that is chosen by respondents is walking (15% of hypermarket respondents and 23% of traditional wet market respondents), as well as motorcycle (8% of hypermarket respondents and 23% traditional wet market respondents). A few people chose bus (5% of hypermarket respondents and 6% of traditional wet market respondents) and bicycle (4% of hypermarket respondents and 3% of traditional wet market respondents). Taxi and the others transportation mode have none of respondent chose such mode of transportation. Although majority of the respondents have the shortest travelling time from home to market as showed at Chapter 4.1.2.1, but most of them still prefer to drive to the market. 4.1.3Transaction Patterns 4.1.3.1 Frequency of Visiting Frequency of Visiting Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Less than once a week 27 27.0 21 21.0 Once a week 36 36.0 40 40.0 Twice weekly 21 21.0 11 11.0 Thrice weekly 12 12.0 10 10.0 4 times or more weekly 4 4.0 18 18.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.11: Frequency of Visiting Figure 4.11: Frequency of Visiting Majority of the respondents visiting markets once a week, 36% of hypermarket respondents and 40% traditional wet market respondents chose this category. While 27% of hypermarket respondents and 21% of traditional wet market respondents chose to visit the market less than once a week. Less than half of the respondents visit the market twice or more than twice weekly. From the data obtained, 21% of hypermarket respondents and 11% of traditional wet market respondents visit the market twice weekly, 12% of hypermarket respondents and 10% of traditional wet market respondents visit the market thrice weekly, and 4% of hypermarket respondents and 18% of traditional wet market respondents visit 4 times and more weekly. The respondents who visit the markets 4 times and above weekly are 4.5 times more than those hypermarket respondents do. 4.1.3.2 Visiting Markets with Whom Visiting Markets with whom Hypermarket Traditional Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Alone 17 17.0 36 36.0 Family/ Relatives 47 47.0 52 52.0 Friends/ Neighbours/ Colleagues Others 36 0 36.0 0.0 12 0 12.0 0.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.12: Visiting Markets with Whom Figure 4.12: Visiting Markets with Whom Almost half of the respondents prefer to visit the markets with their family member or relatives, this occupied 47% of hypermarket respondents and 52% of traditional wet market respondents. While the respondents who chose to visit markets with friends/ neighbors/ colleagues or alone, there is a significant different between hypermarket and traditional wet market. 36% of respondents of hypermarket prefer to go to the markets with their friends/ neighbors/ colleagues instead of go by alone, which has only 17% of the respondents chose that. On the other hand, traditional wet market is different. 36% of the respondents chose to go alone instead of go with friends/ neighbors/ colleagues, which only has 12%. None of them chose to visit the markets with the people who have other relationships. 4.1.3.Time Spent Time Spent Hypermarket Wet Market Frequency Percent Frequency Percent 30 minutes and less 12 12.0 18 18.0 30-60 minutes 32 32.0 49 49.0 1-2 hours 41 41.0 28 28.0 2 hours and more 15 15.0 5 5.0 Total 100 100.0 100 100.0 Table 4.13: Time Spent Figure 4.13: Time Spent From the data that obtained, majority of the traditional wet market respondent spent 30-60 minutes in the market, which occupied 49% of the traditional wet market respondent, followed by 1-2 hours (28%), 30 minutes and less (18%), and 2 hours and more (5%). While hypermarket respondents prefer to spent longer time in the market. 41% of hypermarket respondents spent 1-2 hours, followed by 30-60 minutes (32%), 2 hours and more (15%), 30 minutes and less (12%). For overall, 2/3 of traditional wet market respondents tends to spend shorter time compare to only 44% of hypermarket respondents spent less than 1 hour. 4.2Reliability Analysis Data of consumer perception have been collected in the approach of Likert scale, reliability of the data should be tested. Gatewood and Field (1990) said that reliability is the ability of the instrument in providing the consistent results when it is repeated used. Cronbachs alpha is the basic measurement for reliability and an alpha value of 0.7 is sufficient (Nunnally, 1978). All the store attributes will be tested in terms of the store attributes those contribute as the reasons of consumers to choose a retail store and also the importance level that respondents have given to the store attributes. 4.2.1Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to Shop Following are the store attributes as the reasons for consumer to shop: Attribute 1 : Appropriate opening hours Attribute 2 : Near to place of residence Attribute 3 : Product quality Attribute 4 : Product variety Attribute 5 : Reasonable price Attribute 6 : Speed of purchase Attribute 7 : Satisfactorily service Attribute 8 : Spacious interior space Attribute 9 : Not crowded Attribute 10 : Clean and comfortable Attribute 11 : Good public transport available Attribute 12 : Car parking facilities Attribute 13 : Easiness on finding the product Attribute 14 : Habit Attribute 15 : Trust in vendor 4.2.1.1 Hypermarket Table 4.14: Reliability Statistics (Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to Shop at Hypermarket) Cronbachs Alpha Cronbachs Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items .865 .867 15 Table 4.15: Item-Total Statistics(Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to ShopAt Hypermarket) Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbachs Alpha if Item Deleted Attribute 1 51.6100 60.947 .400 .495 .862 Attribute 2 51.7100 59.481 .489 .516 .858 Attribute 3 51.8700 59.124 .559 .570 .854 Attribute 4 51.5800 58.367 .583 .569 .853 Attribute 5 51.7700 60.522 .492 .470 .858 Attribute 6 51.9300 58.773 .565 .497 .854 Attribute 7 52.0200 58.666 .626 .532 .852 Attribute 8 51.9000 60.131 .446 .423 .860 Attribute 9 52.0400 58.786 .550 .604 .855 Attribute 10 51.7500 56.997 .679 .611 .848 Attribute 11 52.6300 64.397 .136 .379 .875 Attribute 12 51.7900 56.895 .563 .492 .854 Attribute 13 51.7700 57.027 .688 .612 .848 Attribute 14 52.2500 60.048 .403 .352 .863 Attribute 15 52.3400 59.075 .496 .544 .857 According to Table 4.14, Cronbachs alpha ( = 0.865), this indicates the data was reliable. As shown in Table 4.15, all the items has a less Cronbachs alpha than the calculated scale alpha ( = 0.865), except Attribute 11 (good transportation available), which has a higher alpha ( = 0.875), this means the item in the scale suppresses the alpha level. But for overall, the reasons to shop at hypermarket scale seem to be reliable measure of consumer perception. 4.2.1.2Traditional Wet Market Table 4.16: Reliability Statistics (Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to ShopAt Traditional Wet Market) Cronbachs Alpha Cronbachs Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items .769 .775 15 Table 4.17: Item-Total Statistics (Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to Shop At Traditional Wet Market) Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbachs Alpha if Item Deleted Attribute 1 49.9300 46.914 .295 .358 .762 Attribute 2 49.7400 47.164 .210 .339 .771 Attribute 3 49.5700 46.712 .357 .467 .758 Attribute 4 49.6300 45.589 .386 .493 .755 Attribute 5 49.4900 45.343 .398 .483 .754 Attribute 6 50.0400 44.463 .475 .497 .748 Attribute 7 49.8800 45.117 .468 .468 .749 Attribute 8 50.7000 42.859 .537 .701 .741 Attribute 9 50.7200 42.709 .530 .743 .741 Attribute 10 50.7600 42.002 .521 .697 .741 Attribute 11 51.0700 45.197 .260 .500 .770 Attribute 12 50.7700 44.341 .353 .471 .759 Attribute 13 49.7400 46.720 .335 .441 .759 Attribute 14 49.7100 48.168 .149 .423 .775 Attribute 15 49.7700 45.553 .366 .508 .757 According to Table 4.16, Cronbachs alpha ( = 0.769), this indicates the reliability of the data is sufficient. As shown in Table 4.17, three of the items has a higher Cronbachs alpha than the calculated scale alpha ( = 0.769), which are Attribute 2 (near to place of residence), Attribute 11 (good transportation available) and Attribute 14 (habit), which have a higher alpha of ( = 0.771), ( = 0.770) and ( = 0.775) this means the items in the scale suppresses the alpha level, consumers may not take the attributes as their priority reasons to shop at traditional wet market. But for overall, the store attributes as the reason to shop at hypermarket scale seem to be reliable measure of consumer perception. 4.2.2Importance Level of Store Attributes Importance levels were given by respondents to the following store attributes: Attribute 1 : Appropriate opening hours Attribute 2 : Near to place of residence Attribute 3 : Product quality Attribute 4 : Product variety Attribute 5 : Reasonable price Attribute 6 : Speed of purchase Attribute 7 : Satisfactorily service Attribute 8 : Spacious interior space Attribute 9 : Not crowded Attribute 10 : Clean and comfortable Attribute 11 : Good public transport available Attribute 12 : Car parking facilities Attribute 13 : Easiness on finding the product 4.2.2.1Hypermarket Table 4.18: Reliability Statistics (Importance Level of Store Attributes at Hypermarket) Cronbachs Alpha Cronbachs Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items .906 .907 13 Table 4.19: Item-Total Statistics (Importance Level of Store Attributes at Hypermarket) Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbachs Alpha if Item Deleted Attribute 1 49.5200 46.151 .652 .548 .897 Attribute 2 49.2300 46.724 .704 .602 .895 Attribute 3 49.1700 48.365 .655 .729 .897 Attribute 4 49.1100 48.079 .646 .631 .898 Attribute 5 49.0300 50.009 .516 .536 .903 Attribute 6 49.5400 47.887 .639 .456 .898 Attribute 7 49.3100 47.044 .654 .463 .897 Attribute 8 49.6600 45.701 .666 .637 .897 Attribute 9 49.6500 46.290 .655 .606 .897 Attribute 10 49.2300 48.623 .631 .504 .898 Attribute 11 49.8900 49.250 .455 .392 .906 Attribute 12 49.3400 48.489 .532 .468 .902 Attribute 13 49.3200 47.048 .668 .535 .896 Table 4.18 showed that Cronbachs alpha ( = 0.906), this indicates the data have a high level of reliability. According to Table 4.19, all the items of importance level of store attributes at hypermarket scale have a less Cronbachs alpha than the calculated scale alpha ( = 0.906), which means that no single item had suppressed the alpha level. Thus, importance level of store attributes at hypermarket scale seems to be reliable measure of consumer perception. 4.2.2.2Traditional Wet Market Table 4.20: Reliability Statistics (Importance Level of Store Attributes at Traditional Wet Market) Cronbachs Alpha Cronbachs Alpha Based on Standardized Items N of Items .874 .880 13 Table 4.21: Item-Total Statistics (Importance Level of Store Attributes at Traditional Wet Market) Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Squared Multiple Correlation Cronbachs Alpha if Item Deleted Attribute 1 49.9600 38.705 .626 .497 .861 Attribute 2 49.8400 39.307 .514 .505 .867 Attribute 3 49.6000 40.040 .587 .616 .864 Attribute 4 49.6300 39.488 .622 .702 .862 Attribute 5 49.5500 40.654 .599 .559 .864 Attribute 6 49.9500 37.987 .642 .534 .859 Attribute 7 49.8500 40.432 .509 .395 .867 Attribute 8 50.2700 37.876 .627 .669 .860 Attribute 9 50.3800 37.672 .622 .772 .860 Attribute 10 50.1900 38.196 .590 .580 .862 Attribute 11 50.8200 40.412 .347 .310 .878 Attribute 12 50.1500 39.947 .424 .313 .872 Attribute 13 49.7300 39.815 .548 .524 .865 Table 4.20 showed that Cronbachs alpha ( = 0.874), this indicates the data have a high level of reliability. According to Table 4.21, all the items of importance level of store attributes at traditional wet market scale have a less Cronbachs alpha than the calculated scale alpha ( = 0.874), except Attribute 11 (good public transport available) with alpha ( = 0.878), which means that is the single item had suppressed the alpha level. Consumers of traditional wet market may not feel this store attribute was important. But for overall, importance level of store attributes at traditional wet market to be reliable measure of consumer perception. 4.3Independent T-Test Analysis T-tests conducted to examine differences of respondents profile, trip patterns transaction patterns, store attributes as the reason for consumer to shop and importance level of store attributes of hypermarket and traditional wet market. 4.3.1Respondents Profile, Trip Patterns and Transaction Patterns of Different Store Formats Table 4.22: Group Statistics (Respondents profile, trip patterns and transaction patterns of different store formats) Place N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Gender Hypermarket 100 1.54 .501 .050 Wet Market 100 1.66 .476 .048 Age Hypermarket 100 2.14 1.119 .112 Wet Market 100 2.80 1.470 .147 Ethnic Hypermarket 100 1.82 .716 .072 Wet Market 100 1.99 .541 .054 Marital Status Hypermarket 100 1.42 .496 .050 Wet Market 100 1.58 .496 .050 Education Level Hypermarket 100 1.39 .803 .080 Wet Market 100 1.69 .813 .081 Occupation Hypermarket 100 3.27 1.746 .175 Wet Market 100 3.32 1.842 .184 Household Size Hypermarket 100 4.63 1.715 .172 Wet Market 100 4.87 1.942 .194 Household Income Hypermarket 100 2.88 1.373 .137 Wet Market 100 2.88 1.423 .142 Travelling Time Hypermarket 100 1.72 .805 .081 Wet Market 100 1.68 .827 .083 Transportation Mode Hypermarket 100 4.10 1.501 .150 Wet Market 100 3.64 1.611 .161 Frequency Hypermarket 100 2.30 1.115 .111 Wet Market 100 2.64 1.396 .140 With Whom Hypermarket 100 2.19 .706 .071 Wet Market 100 1.76 .653 .065 Time Spent Hypermarket 100 2.59 .889 .089 Wet Market 100 2.20 .791 .079 Table 4.23: Independent Samples Test (Respondents profile, trip patterns and transaction patterns of different store formats) Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference Lower Upper Gender Equal variances assumed 9.284 .003 -1.736 198 .084 -.120 .069 -.256 .016 Equal variances not assumed -1.736 197.491 .084 -.120 .069 -.256 .016 Age Equal variances assumed 20.161 .000 -3.572 198 .000 -.660 .185 -1.024 -.296 Equal variances not assumed -3.572 184.905 .000 -.660 .185 -1.025 -.295 Ethnic Equal variances assumed 16.130 .000 -1.894 198 .060 -.170 .090 -.347 .007 Equal variances not assumed -1.894 184.269 .060 -.170 .090 -.347 .007 Marital Status Equal variances assumed .000 1.000 -2.281 198 .024 -.160 .070 -.298 -.022 Equal variances not assumed -2.281 198.000 .024 -.160 .070 -.298 -.022 Education Level Equal variances assumed 2.610 .108 -2.626 198 .009 -.300 .114 -.525 -.075 Equal variances not assumed -2.626 197.970 .009 -.300 .114 -.525 -.075 Occupation Equal variances assumed .035 .852 -.197 198 .844 -.050 .254 -.550 .450 Equal variances not assumed -.197 197.437 .844 -.050 .254 -.550 .450 Household Size Equal variances assumed .069 .793 -.926 198 .355 -.240 .259 -.751 .271 Equal variances not assumed -.926 195.031 .355 -.240 .259 -.751 .271 Household Income Equal variances assumed .098 .754 .000 198 1.000 .000 .198 -.390 .390 Equal variances not assumed .000 197.741 1.000 .000 .198 -.390 .390 Travelling Time Equal variances assumed .269 .604 .347 198 .729 .040 .115 -.188 .268 Equal variances not assumed .347 197.853 .729 .040 .115 -.188 .268 Transportation Mode Equal variances assumed 1.980 .161 2.089 198 .038 .460 .220 .026 .894 Equal variances not assumed 2.089 197.009 .038 .460 .220 .026 .894 Frequency Equal variances assumed 9.041 .003 -1.903 198 .058 -.340 .179 -.692 .012 Equal variances not assumed -1.903 188.731 .059 -.340 .179 -.692 .012 With Whom Equal variances assumed .464 .497 4.470 198 .000 .430 .096 .240 .620 Equal variances not assumed 4.470 196.802 .000 .430 .096 .240 .620 Time Spent Equal variances assumed 3.953 .048 3.277 198 .001 .390 .119 .155 .625 Equal variances not assumed 3.277 195.394 .001 .390 .119 .155 .625 Levenes test is the approach to test if the two condition Means have a statistically different. In this study, if the Sig (2-Tailed) value is less than or equal to 0.05, we can conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between two conditions (hypermarket and traditional wet market). The initial part we need to test is whether if the different store formats will affect the socio-demographic of the respondents and their trip patterns and transaction pattern as well. From the result of the test, we get those 6 out of 13 items have the Sig. (2-Tailed) value less than or equal to 0.05, which are age, marital status, education level, transportation mode, visit the markets with whom and the time spent in market. Respondents age has significant different between hypermarket and traditional wet market, it has a record of t (df = 198) = -3.572, p.05 and the Means for hypermarket and traditional wet market are respectively (M=2.14) and (M=2.80). It means that consumers at hypermarket have significant younger than consumers at traditional wet market. Another significant difference between the groups is the marital status of the respondents, it has a result of t (df = 198) = -2.281, p.05 and the Means are (M=1.42) and (M=1.58). It means that respondents of traditional wet market who are married have a greater number compare to the respondents of hypermarket. Education level of the respondents also showed significant different between the store formats, the result for Levenes test is t (df = 198) = -2.626, p.05, the Means are respectively (M=1.39) and (M=1.69). We can conclude that respondents of hypermarket have a higher education level compare the respondent of traditional wet market. While the store formats will affect the transportation mode as well, the result for transportation mode is t (df = 198) = 2.089, p.05, Means are (M=4.10) and (M=3.64). Refer to the primary analysis, we can judge that majority of hypermarket respondent choose car as their transportation mode, while traditional wet market respondents tend to choose car, walk and motorcycle. On the other hand, the people who accompany respondents to shop also showed significant difference. The result is t (df = 198) = 4.470, p.05, Means for hypermarket and traditional wet market are respectively (M=2.19) and (M=1.76). Refer to the primary analysis, we can conclude that hypermarket respondents tend to shop with their family/ relatives and friends/ neighbors/ colleagues, while traditional wet market respondents prefer to shop with the family/ relatives or alone. Last but not least, time spent in store also showed significant difference. The result is t (df = 198) = 3.277, p.05, Means are (M=2.59) and (M=2.20). It showed that hypermarket respondents prefer to spent longer time compare to traditional wet market respondents. The conclusion is the store formats have impact to some variables of socio-demographic of respondents, their trip patterns and transaction pattern. Each store may have a different target market. 4.3.2Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to Shop at Different Store Formats Following are the store attributes as the reasons for consumer to shop: Attribute 1 : Appropriate opening hours Attribute 2 : Near to place of residence Attribute 3 : Product quality Attribute 4 : Product variety Attribute 5 : Reasonable price Attribute 6 : Speed of purchase Attribute 7 : Satisfactorily service Attribute 8 : Spacious interior space Attribute 9 : Not crowded Attribute 10 : Clean and comfortable Attribute 11 : Good public transport available Attribute 12 : Car parking facilities Attribute 13 : Easiness on finding the product Attribute 14 : Habit Attribute 15 : Trust in vendor Table 4.24: Group Statistics (Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to Shop At Different Store Formats) Place N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Attribute 1 Hypermarket 100 4.03 .904 .090 Wet Market 100 3.75 .857 .086 Attribute 2 Hypermarket 100 3.93 .935 .093 Wet Market 100 3.94 1.013 .101 Attribute 3 Hypermarket 100 3.77 .874 .087 Wet Market 100 4.11 .777 .078 Attribute 4 Hypermarket 100 4.06 .919 .092 Wet Market 100 4.05 .903 .090 Attribute 5 Hypermarket 100 3.87 .812 .081 Wet Market 100 4.19 .918 .092 Attribute 6 Hypermarket 100 3.71 .902 .090 Wet Market 100 3.64 .916 .092 Attribute 7 Hypermarket 100 3.62 .838 .084 Wet Market 100 3.80 .841 .084 Attribute 8 Hypermarket 100 3.74 .928 .093 Wet Market 100 2.98 1.025 .102 Attribute 9 Hypermarket 100 3.60 .921 .092 Wet Market 100 2.96 1.053 .105 Attribute 10 Hypermarket 100 3.89 .931 .093 Wet Market 100 2.92 1.152 .115 Attribute 11 Hypermarket 100 3.01 .959 .096 Wet Market 100 2.61 1.246 .125 Attribute 12 Hypermarket 100 3.85 1.095 .110 Wet Market 100 2.91 1.156 .116 Attribute 13 Hypermarket 100 3.87 .917 .092 Wet Market 100 3.94 .814 .081 Attribute 14 Hypermarket 100 3.39 1.014 .101 Wet Market 100 3.97 .969 .097 Attribute 15 Hypermarket 100 3.30 .969 .097 Wet Market 100 3.91 .944 .094 Table 4.25: Independent Samples Test (Store Attributes as the Reasons for Consumers to Shop At Different Store Formats) Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference Lower Upper Attribute 1 Equal variances assumed .939 .334 2.247 198 .026 .280 .125 .034 .526 Equal variances not assumed 2.247 197.443 .026 .280 .125 .034 .526 Attribute 2 Equal variances assumed .552 .458 -.073 198 .942 -.010 .138 -.282 .262 Equal variances not assumed -.073 196.728 .942 -.010 .138 -.282 .262 Attribute 3 Equal variances assumed 2.680 .103 -2.906 198 .004 -.340 .117 -.571 -.109 Equal variances not assumed -2.906 195.304 .004 -.340 .117 -.571 -.109 Attribute 4 Equal variances assumed .007 .933 .078 198 .938 .010 .129 -.244 .264 Equal variances not assumed .078 197.939 .938 .010 .129 -.244 .264 Attribute 5 Equal variances assumed 1.530 .218 -2.611 198 .010 -.320 .123 -.562 -.078 Equal variances not assumed -2.611 195.116 .010 -.320 .123 -.562 -.078 Attribute 6 Equal variances assumed .000 .984 .544 198 .587 .070 .129 -.184 .324 Equal variances not assumed .544 197.956 .587 .070 .129 -.184 .324 Attribute 7 Equal variances assumed .006 .938 -1.516 198 .131 -.180 .119 -.414 .054 Equal variances not assumed -1.516 197.998 .131 -.180 .119 -.414 .054 Attribute 8 Equal variances assumed .374 .542 5.498 198 .000 .760 .138 .487 1.033 Equal variances not assumed 5.498 196.080 .000 .760 .138 .487 1.033 Attribute 9 Equal variances assumed .198 .656 4.574 198 .000 .640 .140 .364 .916 Equal variances not assumed 4.574 194.543 .000 .640 .140 .364 .916 Attribute 10 Equal variances assumed 13.388 .000 6.550 198 .000 .970 .148 .678 1.262 Equal variances not assumed 6.550 189.648 .000 .970 .148 .678 1.262 Attribute 11 Equal variances assumed 14.930 .000 2.544 198 .012 .400 .157 .090 .710 Equal variances not assumed 2.544 185.772 .012 .400 .157 .090 .710 Attribute 12 Equal variances assumed 3.035 .083 5.904 198 .000 .940 .159 .626 1.254 Equal variances not assumed 5.904 197.434 .000 .940 .159 .626 1.254 Attribute 13 Equal variances assumed 2.579 .110 -.571 198 .569 -.070 .123 -.312 .172 Equal variances not assumed -.571 195.252 .569 -.070 .123 -.312 .172 Attribute 14 Equal variances assumed 1.164 .282 -4.136 198 .000 -.580 .140 -.857 -.303 Equal variances not assumed -4.136 197.589 .000 -.580 .140 -.857 -.303 Attribute 15 Equal variances assumed .605 .438 -4.509 198 .000 -.610 .135 -.877 -.343 Equal variances not assumed -4.509 197.861 .000 -.610 .135 -.877 -.343 T-test also has been used to test the respondents reason to shop at hypermarket and traditional wet market. 15 store attributes had been tested; those are appropriate opening hours, near to place of residence, product quality, product variety, reasonable price, speed of purchase, satisfactorily service, spacious interior space, not crowded, clean and comfortable, good public transport available, car parking facilities, easiness on finding the product, habit, and trust in vendor. From the result of the test, 10 out of 15 attributes showed statistically significant different between hypermarket and traditional wet market, which are appropriate opening hours, product quality, reasonable price, spacious interior space, not crowded, clean and comfortable, good public transport available, car parking facilities, habit and trust in vendor. Attribute 1, appropriate opening hours showed that t (df = 198) = 2.247, p.05 and Means for hypermarket and traditional wet market are respectively (M=4.03) and (M=3.75). Respondents of hypermarket have a statistically significantly higher mean score on the reason to shop because of appropriate opening hours than respondents of traditional wet market. We can conclude that hypermarket respondent more prefer and agree with the opening hours of hypermarket compare to traditional wet market. Attribute 3, product quality has the result of t (df = 198) = -2.906, p.05 and Means for hypermarket and traditional wet market are respectively (M=3.77) and (M=4.11). Respondents of hypermarket have a statistically significantly lower mean score on the reason of product quality than respondents of traditional wet market. It indicates that traditional wet market respondents more prefer and agree with traditional wet market has good product quality compare to hypermarket. Attribute 5, reasonable price get t (df = 198) = -2.611, p.05 and Means for hypermarket and traditional wet market are respectively (M=3.87) and (M=4.19). Respondents of traditional wet market have a statistically significantly higher mean score on the reason of reasonable price than respondents of hypermarket. It indicates more respondents of traditional wet market agree that reasonable price is the reason for going to shop at traditional wet market compare to respondents of hypermarket. Attributes 8, 9 and 10, which are the attributes of spacious interior space, not crowed, clean and comfortable have shown that there is statistically significant difference between the mean score for hypermarket and traditional wet market. The result of T-test showed that attribute 8 is t (df = 198) = 5.498, p.05, Means score are respectively (M=3.74) and (M=2.98), while attribute 9 is t (df = 198) = 4.574, p.05, Means score are respectively (M=3.60) and (M=2.96), and attribute 10 is t (df = 198) = 6.550, p.05, Means score are respectively (M=3.89) and (M=2.92). All these results showed that there is statistically significant difference between the Means scores for hypermarket and traditional wet market. In other words, Means scores of hypermarket on the store attributes as the reasons to shop are higher than traditional wet market, it means that respondents of hypermarket more agree with these 3 attributes as their reason for going to shop at hypermarket, while respondents of tradit ional wet market more disagree with those attributes as their reasons to shop. Attributes 11 and 12 are good public transport available and car parking facilities. The T-test result for attribute 11 is t (df = 198) = 2.544, p.05, Means for hypermarket and traditional wet market are respectively (M=3.01) and (M=2.61), while attribute 12 is t (df = 198) = 5.904, p.05, Means are respectively (M=3.85) and (M=2.91). These results indicate that hypermarket has higher mean scores compare to traditional wet market. The respondents of hypermarket more agree with these attributes are making them to shop at hypermarket. Attribute 14 and 15 are habit and trust in vendor. The T-test result for attribute 14 is t (df = 198) = -4.136, p.05, Means for hypermarket and traditional wet market are respectively (M=3.39) and (M=3.97), while attribute 15 is t (df = 198) = -4.509, p.05, Means are respectively (M=3.30) and (M=3.91). Mean scores of traditional wet market are significantly higher than hypermarket, thus this indicates respondents of traditional wet market more agree with habit and trust in vendor are the attributes as their reason for going to shop at traditional wet market, while respondents of hypermarket more disagree with these attributes compare to traditional wet market respondents. There is 10 out of 15 attributes showed statistically significant difference among hypermarket and traditional wet market. Hypermarket have higher mean scores for appropriate opening hours, spacious interior space, not crowded, clean and comfortable, good public transport available and car parking facilities. On the other hand, traditional wet market has higher mean scores for product quality, speed of purchase, habit and trust in vendor. This indicates hypermarket and traditional wet market have their strength in attracting consumers. 4.3.3Importance Level of Store Attributes At Different Store Formats Importance levels were given by respondents to the following store attributes: Attribute 1 : Appropriate opening hours Attribute 2 : Near to place of residence Attribute 3 : Product quality Attribute 4 : Product variety Attribute 5 : Reasonable price Attribute 6 : Speed of purchase Attribute 7 : Satisfactorily service Attribute 8 : Spacious interior space Attribute 9 : Not crowded Attribute 10 : Clean and comfortable Attribute 11 : Good public transport available Attribute 12 : Car parking facilities Attribute 13 : Easiness on finding the product Table 4.26: Group Statistics (Importance Level of Store Attributes At Different Store Formats) Place N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Attribute 1 Hypermarket 100 3.98 .953 .095 Wet Market 100 4.20 .804 .080 Attribute 2 Hypermarket 100 4.27 .839 .084 Wet Market 100 4.32 .863 .086 Attribute 3 Hypermarket 100 4.33 .726 .073 Wet Market 100 4.56 .686 .069 Attribute 4 Hypermarket 100 4.39 .764 .076 Wet Market 100 4.53 .717 .072 Attribute 5 Hypermarket 100 4.47 .688 .069 Wet Market 100 4.61 .601 .060 Attribute 6 Hypermarket 100 3.96 .790 .079 Wet Market 100 4.21 .868 .087 Attribute 7 Hypermarket 100 4.19 .861 .086 Wet Market 100 4.31 .720 .072 Attribute 8 Hypermarket 100 3.84 .982 .098 Wet Market 100 3.89 .898 .090 Attribute 9 Hypermarket 100 3.85 .936 .094 Wet Market 100 3.78 .927 .093 Attribute 10 Hypermarket 100 4.27 .723 .072 Wet Market 100 3.97 .904 .090 Attribute 11 Hypermarket 100 3.61 .863 .086 Wet Market 100 3.34 .966 .097 Attribute 12 Hypermarket 100 4.16 .849 .085 Wet Market 100 4.01 .904 .090 Attribute 13 Hypermarket 100 4.18 .845 .085 Wet Market 100 4.43 .756 .076 Table 4.27: Independent Samples Test (Importance Level of Store Attributes At Different Store Formats) Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference Lower Upper Attribute 1 Equal variances assumed .949 .331 -1.764 198 .079 -.220 .125 -.466 .026 Equal variances not assumed -1.764 192.526 .079 -.220 .125 -.466 .026 Attribute 2 Equal variances assumed .022 .882 -.415 198 .678 -.050 .120 -.287 .187 Equal variances not assumed -.415 197.842 .678 -.050 .120 -.287 .187 Attribute 3 Equal variances assumed 1.630 .203 -2.303 198 .022 -.230 .100 -.427 -.033 Equal variances not assumed -2.303 197.394 .022 -.230 .100 -.427 -.033 Attribute 4 Equal variances assumed 1.353 .246 -1.336 198 .183 -.140 .105 -.347 .067 Equal variances not assumed -1.336 197.210 .183 -.140 .105 -.347 .067 Attribute 5 Equal variances assumed 4.784 .030 -1.532 198 .127 -.140 .091 -.320 .040 Equal variances not assumed -1.532 194.484 .127 -.140 .091 -.320 .040 Attribute 6 Equal variances assumed 4.347 .038 -2.130 198 .034 -.250 .117 -.481 -.019 Equal variances not assumed -2.130 196.286 .034 -.250 .117 -.482 -.018 Attribute 7 Equal variances assumed .212 .646 -1.069 198 .286 -.120 .112 -.341 .101 Equal variances not assumed -1.069 192.031 .286 -.120 .112 -.341 .101 Attribute 8 Equal variances assumed .336 .563 -.376 198 .707 -.050 .133 -.312 .212 Equal variances not assumed -.376 196.433 .707 -.050 .133 -.312 .212 Attribute 9 Equal variances assumed .003 .953 .531 198 .596 .070 .132 -.190 .330 Equal variances not assumed .531 197.983 .596 .070 .132 -.190 .330 Attribute 10 Equal variances assumed .798 .373 2.592 198 .010 .300 .116 .072 .528 Equal variances not assumed 2.592 188.845 .010 .300 .116 .072 .528 Attribute 11 Equal variances assumed 1.785 .183 2.084 198 .038 .270 .130 .014 .526 Equal variances not assumed 2.084 195.539 .038 .270 .130 .014 .526 Attribute 12 Equal variances assumed .370 .544 1.209 198 .228 .150 .124 -.095 .395 Equal variances not assumed 1.209 197.226 .228 .150 .124 -.095 .395 Attribute 13 Equal variances assumed .209 .648 -2.205 198 .029 -.250 .113 -.474 -.026 Equal variances not assumed -2.205 195.548 .029 -.250 .113 -.474 -.026 Importance level of store attributes had been tested to understand consumers perception. All the store attributes in this part are same as the store attributes as the reasons for consumers to shop, but habit and trust in vendor had been excluded in this part. There are 5 out of 13 store attributes showed statistically significant different among hypermarket and traditional wet market, which are product quality, speed of purchase, clean ad comfortable, good public facilities and easiness on finding the product. Attribute 3, which is product quality, showed statistically significant different among hypermarket and traditional wet market. The result of T-test showed t (df = 198) = -2.303, p.05, Means score for hypermarket and traditional wet market are respectively (M=4.33) and (M=4.56). Traditional wet market has a higher mean score compare to hypermarket, it indicates consumers of traditional wet market are more emphasizing on the attribute of store providing better product quality, and they feel this is very important. Although, hypermarket has lower Mean score, but since the Mean score is high (4.33), thus this indicates they feel this is important as well. Attribute 6, speed of purchase, showed statistically significant different among hypermarket and traditional wet market. The T-test result is t (df = 198) = -2.130, p.05, Means score are respectively (M=3.96) and (M=4.21). Hypermarket showed statistically significant lower mean score compare to traditional wet market, it means consumers of hypermarket have less concern about attribute of store providing faster speed of purchase and do not feel this is very important while consumers of traditional wet market feel this is very important. Attribute 10, clean and comfortable, also has shown statistically significant different among two different store formats. The T-test result is t (df = 198) = 2.592, p.05, Means score for hypermarket and traditional wet market are respectively (M=4.27) and (M=3.97). Hypermarket has a statistically significant higher means score compare to traditional wet market, it indicates consumers of hypermarket are more concerning on attribute of store providing clean and comfortable environment to them, while consumers of traditional wet market may not feel this is an important attribute of a store. Attribute 11, good public transport available, has shown statistically significant different among hypermarket and traditional wet market as well. T-test result of this attributes is t (df = 198) = 2.084, p.05, Means score are respectively (M=3.61) and (M=3.34). Traditional wet market showed statistically significant lower mean score compare to hypermarket, it indicates consumers of traditional wet market are less emphasizing on the attribute of good public transport available at the store compare to hypermarket. Last but not least, attribute 13, which is easiness on finding the product, also has statistically significant among hypermarket and traditional wet market. T-test result for this store attribute is t (df = 198) = -2.205, p.05, Means score are respectively (M=4.18) and (M=4.43). Traditional wet market showed a statistically higher mean score compare to hypermarket. We can conclude that consumers of traditional wet market have put higher important level and more concerning on attribute of easiness on finding the product in the store. The conclusion is 8 out of 13 expectations showed there is no difference between hypermarket and traditional wet market. Consumers have put a high important level on store attributes. While 5 out of 13 expectations showed statistically significant among hypermarket and traditional wet market, this indicates consumers have put different importance level (higher or lower) of on the store attributes. 4.4 Conclusion Three methods have been used in data analyzing, which are descriptive, reliable analysis and independent T-test. As a result, in descriptive data, we able to identify the majority group in particular characteristics. For example, in the gender, we identified majority of the respondents are female. This majority group has occupied 54% of the respondent at hypermarket and 2/3 of the respondents at traditional wet market. We use the same way to describe all the basic data for socio-demographics, trip patterns and transaction patterns. A next step was taken to test the reliability of the data. Store attributes are the data will be tested in this part. From the result of store attributes as the reasons for consumers to shop at hypermarket and traditional wet market, we able identified from all 15 attributes, only 1 attribute for hypermarket and 3 attributes for traditional wet market showed higher alpha value than Cronbachs alpha value, it means the scale had suppressed the alpha level. Consumers might give low point for those attributes. In simple words, means that consumers did not take those attributes as their reason for shop at particular retail stores. Same method has been done for importance level of store attributes. For overall, all the results are reliable measure of consumer perception. Last step in analyzing data is Independent T-test. A comparison of the data has been tested to examine whether there is statistically significant different. Three results had been obtained in this part, which is the comparison of respondents profile, trip patterns and transaction patterns of different store formats, store attributes as the reasons for consumers to shop at different store formats, and importance level of store attributes at different store formats. A further discussion about findings of the data will be discussed in Chapter 5.